Indlela Yokwenza I-Smartphone Ngezici ze-NFC
I-NFC (Near Field Communication) ingenye yezici ezibalulekile zama-smartphone anamuhla. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumane amabanga amafushane (ngokuvamile angaphansi kuka-4 cm) ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene njengokukhokha ngaphandle kwemali, ukugcwalisa amakhadi, ukufinyelela emnyango, ngisho namadivayisi okubhanqa afana nama-earphone noma izipikha. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza: kungenzeka yini "ukwenza i-smartphone nge-NFC"? Impendulo inguyebo, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi kufanele sakhe i-smartphone kusukela ekuqaleni njengefektri enkulu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngendlela enengqondo kakhulu nenengqondo yokwethula izici ze-NFC "ku-smartphone eyenziwe ekhaya" noma kudivayisi ye-smartphone eguquliwe/ehlanganisiwe, kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezidingekayo, izigaba zokuhlanganisa, kanye nezinselele ezinkulu.
1. Qonda i-NFC nokuthi Isebenza Kanjani
I-NFC isebenza ngesivinini esingu-13,56 MHz futhi isekela izindlela zokuxhumana ezifana nalezi:
1. Imodi Yomfundi/Yombhali: i-smartphone isebenza njengesifundi sethegi se-NFC (isib. amakhadi okufinyelela okufunda noma amathegi e-NFC anamathelayo).
2. Imodi Yokulingisa Ikhadi: i-smartphone "ilingisa" ikhadi, isibonelo ngezinkokhelo noma ukulawula ukufinyelela.
3. Imodi Yontanga: ukushintshana kwedatha phakathi kwamadivayisi (isb. ukuthumela oxhumana nabo noma ukuhlanganisa okusheshayo).
Kuma-smartphone, imodyuli ye-NFC ivame ukuba nalokhu:
– Isilawuli se-NFC/IC (i-chip eyinhloko yesilawuli se-NFC),
– I-antenna ye-NFC (i-antenna emise okwekhoyili),
– isici esivikelekile (SE) noma ezinye izindlela ezifana ne-HCE (Host Card Emulation) yokulingisa ikhadi,
– uxhumano kwiprosesa eyinhloko ngebhasi efana ne-I2C noma i-SPI, kanye nokulawula amandla.
2. Nquma Indlela: Yakha Kusukela Ekuqaleni vs. Shintsha Idivayisi
Ukwakha i-smartphone kusukela ekuqaleni (ukwakheka kwe-PCB, ukukhetha i-SoC, ukudala i-firmware ye-baseband, isitifiketi somsakazo, njll.) kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyikhulisa ngayinye ngaphandle kweqembu elikhulu kanye nezindleko.
Indlela engokoqobo kakhudlwana:
1. Khetha i-smartphone/ibhodi esevele isekela i-NFC kodwa engakasebenzi (ezinye izimo ezinhlotsheni zedivayisi).
2. Yakha i-smartphone esekelwe kukhompyutha enebhodi elilodwa (i-SBC) + imodyuli yeselula, bese ufaka i-NFC.
3. Dala idivayisi “efana ne-smartphone” (idivayisi ye-Android) nge-NFC, isibonelo idivayisi ye-kiosk, ephathwa ngesandla ngokwezifiso, noma i-prototype.
Kulesi sihloko, sigxila ezindleleni zesibili nezesithathu ngoba zinengqondo kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi zingenzeka njengephrojekthi yokuthuthukisa idivayisi.
3. Izingxenye Ezidingekayo
Nazi izingxenye eziyinhloko uma ufuna ukwenza idivayisi ye-Android/ephathwayo ene-NFC:
a) Ipulatifomu Yekhompyutha (ubuchopho bedivayisi)
– I-SBC (isb. esekelwe ku-ARM) engasebenzisa i-Android/Linux.
– Okunye: ibhodi lokuthuthukisa i-Android “elilungele ukusetshenziswa” kakhudlwana.
Izindlela ezibalulekile:
- Isekela isikhombimsebenzisi se-I2C/SPI/UART semodyuli ye-NFC,
- Ukusekelwa kwabashayeli abaguquguqukayo nama-kernel,
– Inamandla okusebenzisa i-Android.
b) I-Cellular Module (efanele ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-smartphone”)
Uma ufuna idivayisi ikwazi ngempela ukushayela ucingo/i-SMS/idatha yeselula:
– Imojula ye-4G/5G (isb. imodemu ye-USB noma i-M.2 based LTE),
- Ukusekelwa komshayeli kanye nokuhlanganiswa ohlelweni lokusebenza.
Qaphela: lokhu kuvame ukuba yingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba izingcingo zezwi zidinga ukwesekwa kwe-IMS/VoLTE, okuyinto engelula ngaso sonke isikhathi.
c) Imodyuli ye-NFC
Uzodinga imodyuli ye-NFC enezincazelo ezicacile. Le modyuli ingaba:
– I-NFC IC + i-antenna ehlukile,
– Imodyuli elungele ukuhlanganiswa (ibhodi elincane) enikeza ukuxhumana kwe-I2C/SPI kanye nezikhonkwane zokuphazamiseka.
Ama-chip e-NFC adumile embonini afaka phakathi lawo avela ku-NXP, STMicroelectronics, nabanye. Kodwa-ke, ukukhetha ama-chip kufanele futhi kucabangele:
– ukutholakala kwabashayeli be-Android,
- imibhalo yokuhlanganisa,
- isidingo sezinto ezivikelekile uma ufuna isici sokukhokha.
d) I-Antenna ye-NFC
Ama-antenna ayisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle. Izinto okufanele uzicabangele:
– usayizi wekhoyili,
– indawo (ngokuvamile eduze kwesembozo sangemuva),
– ibanga ukusuka ensimbini/ebhethrini,
- ukufanisa/ukulungisa i-impedance ukuqinisekisa ukufundwa okuzinzile.
e) Isici Esivikelekile (ongakukhetha kodwa esibalulekile ekukhokheni)
Uma umgomo uwukufunda amathegi kuphela (isib. hlola ibhalansi yekhadi elithile, funda ithegi ye-UID, ukuzenzekela), ungasebenzisa i-NFC evamile ngaphandle kwesici esivikelekile.
Kodwa-ke, uma okuhlosiwe kuyizinkokhelo ze-tap-to-pay noma ukulingisa ikhadi okuphephile:
– Kudingeka i-Secure Element (i-SE ehlanganisiwe, i-SE esekelwe ku-SIM, noma i-SE yangaphandle),
– kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesitifiketi kanye nohlelo lokukhokha (kunzima kakhulu kumaphrojekthi e-DIY).
Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-Android isekela i-HCE (Host Card Emulation) kwezinye izimo zokusetshenziswa, kodwa ngezinkokhelo zezentengiselwano isadinga izidingo zokuphepha kanye nokubambisana kwenethiwekhi yomthengisi/yokukhokha.
f) Amandla, isikhwama, ibhethri kanye nesikrini
Ukuze idivayisi ifane ne-smartphone ngempela:
– Isikrini (i-LCD/OLED) + isilawuli sesikrini sokuthinta,
– Ibhethri le-Li-ion + i-BMS/i-IC yokushaja,
- Ukuphathwa kwamandla,
– Ikesi elingaphazamisi i-antenna ye-NFC.
Insimbi ekhabetheni ingaphazamisa i-NFC, ngakho-ke izinto zepulasitiki zilungele i-NFC.
4. Isigaba Sokuhlanganiswa Kwehadiwe ye-NFC
Isinyathelo 1: Chaza isikhombikubona
Amamojula amaningi e-NFC axhuma kwiprosesa ngokusebenzisa:
– I2C (ejwayelekile),
– I-SPI (esheshayo),
– kanye nephinikhodi ye-IRQ/Interrupt yokwazisa uhlelo uma kukhona ithegi.
Qiniseka ukuthi ibhodi lomama linamaphini atholakalayo kanye namazinga e-voltage ahambisanayo (isb., 1,8V noma 3,3V). Uma engahambisani, sebenzisa i-level shifter.
Isinyathelo 2: Yakha indawo yokubeka i-antenna
I-antenna kufanele ibekwe:
– eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nobuso obungaphandle (isembozo sangemuva),
– kude namabhethri amakhulu noma izivikelo zensimbi,
– akumboziwe ngezitikha zensimbi ezicasulayo noma izindandatho ezisebenza ngogesi.
Ozimele bensimbi noma izikhonkwane ezisebenza ngogesi zinganciphisa kakhulu ububanzi be-NFC.
Isinyathelo 3: Ukufanisa nokulungisa i-antenna
Emiklamo yezimboni, ama-antenna e-NFC alungiswa kusetshenziswa isekethe efanayo (i-capacitor/inductor) ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuzwakala ku-13,56 MHz. Uma usebenzisa imodyuli engekho eshelufini, lokhu kuvame ukulungiswa kusengaphambili, kodwa kungadinga ukulungiswa kuye ngecala nendawo.
Isinyathelo 4: Ukuhlolwa kokuxhumana okuyisisekelo
Yenza ukuhlolwa kokuqala:
– ukuthi imojuli itholwa uhlelo (idivayisi ye-I2C iyabonakala),
– ingabe imojuli ingakwazi ukuthola amathegi,
– ingabe isivikelo sizinzile.
Amathuluzi ayisisekelo ku-Linux angasiza ekuhloleni ibhasi le-I2C, kanti ku-Android uzohlola ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlola ze-logcat kanye ne-NFC.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesofthiwe: Umshayeli, i-Kernel, kanye nohlaka lwe-Android
Ukuze i-NFC isebenze ku-Android, akwanele ukufaka ihadiwe. Udinga izendlalelo zesofthiwe:
a) Umshayeli we-Kernel
– Imojuli ye-NFC kumele ibonwe yi-kernel ngokusebenzisa umshayeli ofanele.
– Kungase kudingeke ukuthi unike amandla ukucushwa kwe-kernel noma wengeze abashayeli.
b) I-HAL (Isendlalelo Sokuqagela Ihadiwe)
I-Android isebenzisa i-HAL ukuhlanganisa uhlaka nehadiwe. Ku-NFC, i-HAL kumele ihambisane ne-chip esetshenziswayo.
c) Ukucushwa kwesistimu kanye nezimvume
Ku-Android, udinga:
- vumela isici se-NFC ekwakheni (amafulegi ezici),
- qinisekisa ukuthi isevisi ye-NFC iyasebenza,
- kufakwe amafayela okucushwa komthengisi ahlobene nama-chip e-NFC,
- qinisekisa ukuthi izimvume kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-SELinux azivimbeli ukufinyelela.
d) Ukufaka isicelo nokuhlolwa
Uma i-NFC isisebenza:
- Ukuhlolwa kokufundwa kwamathegi e-NDEF,
- ukuhlolwa kwemodi yomfundi/umbhali,
– Ukuhlolwa kwe-Android Beam (isici esidala) noma ukushintshaniswa kwedatha okufanele,
– ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana namathegi e-MIFARE/NTAG njengoba kudingeka.
6. Izinselele Ezinkulu: Ukukhokha kanye Nesitifiketi
Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi “ukuba ne-NFC” kusho ukuthi ungayisebenzisela izinkokhelo ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, izinkokhelo ze-NFC zifaka:
- Uhlelo lokuphepha oluvikelekile noma olulinganayo,
- isitifiketi sokuphepha,
- ukuvunyelwa okuvela kumanethiwekhi okukhokha kanye namabhange,
- ukuhlanganiswa nezinsizakalo ezifana ne-Google Wallet noma izinhlelo zokukhokha zasendaweni.
Kumaphrojekthi omuntu siqu, okungokoqobo kakhulu yilokhu:
- funda amathegi e-NFC,
– izinhlelo zokufinyelela (isib. zeminyango),
- ukuzenzekela ngamathegi e-NFC,
– ikhadi lobulungu, ikhiyoski, noma isicelo sangaphakathi.
Ukudala idivayisi ye-DIY engasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhokha zomphakathi cishe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kweziteshi ezisemthethweni zemboni.
7. Amathiphu Awusizo Empumelelo Yephrojekthi
1. Qala ngomgomo olula: gxila ekufundeni amathegi nokubhala i-NDEF kuqala.
2. Sebenzisa imodyuli ye-NFC evamile: khetha eyodwa enemibhalo ephelele kanye nezibonelo zokuhlanganisa.
3. Cabanga ngalesi simo kusukela ekuqaleni: amakesi ensimbi kanye nama-magnet kuyizitha ze-NFC.
4. Vumela isikhathi sokulungisa amaphutha esofthiwe: izingxabano zomshayeli, i-SELinux, izimvume zesistimu, kanye nokuhambisana kwe-Android kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi.
5. Linganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: I-NFC ingandisa amandla okungasebenzi uma ingalungiselelwanga kahle.
6. Bhala phansi ukwakheka kanye nokuxhuma: iphutha elincane ku-IRQ noma iphini yokusetha kabusha lingenza i-NFC ingazinzile.
8. Isiphetho
Ukwakha i-smartphone enikwe amandla yi-NFC akukhona nje ukunamathisela imojuli ye-NFC kudivayisi nokuyibiza ngokuthi usuku. Inqubo engokoqobo ihilela ukwakha noma ukuguqula idivayisi ye-Android/ephathwayo esekelwe ebhodini esekela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-NFC, bese ufaka imojuli ye-NFC, i-antenna efanele, nokusetha ukwesekwa kwesofthiwe (abashayeli, i-HAL, kanye nokucushwa kwe-Android). Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokufundwa kwamathegi, ukuzenzekela, ukulawula ukufinyelela, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphakathi, le phrojekthi ingenzeka impela. Kodwa-ke, ngezici ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengezinkokhelo ezingenakuthinta, uzobe ubhekene nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivikelekile, izitifiketi, kanye nezidingo zemboni.
Uma ungathanda, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe sezobuchwepheshe kakhulu (isb. ngezibonelo zokwakhiwa kwe-stack ye-Android NFC, i-I2C + IRQ + i-wiring schematics, noma izinyathelo zokwakha ze-AOSP), noma ezisebenziseka kalula (uhlu lwezingxenye olulula ukuzithola kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlola).
