Izakhiwo ze-Colloids: Izimpawu kanye Nezicelo
I-colloid uhlelo lapho into encane kakhulu isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwenye indlela. Nakuba ibonakala ifana, ama-colloid empeleni ayingxube ehlukahlukene enezinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obusukela ku-1 kuya ku-1000 nanometers. Lesi simo siyathakazelisa ngoba ama-colloid azinzile futhi awahlali kalula, ngokungafani nama-suspension, lapho izinhlayiya ezinkulu zingahlala khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izakhiwo ezihlukile zama-colloid futhi sinikeze ukuqonda ngokusetshenziswa kwawo empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nasembonini.
Izinhlobo ze-Colloids
Ngaphambi kokuhlola izakhiwo zama-colloid, kuyasiza ukuqonda kuqala izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-colloid. Ngokusekelwe esigabeni esihlakazekile kanye nendawo yokuhlakazeka, ama-colloid angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana, okungukuthi:
1. I-Sol: I-colloid equkethe into eqinile ehlakazekile oketshezini (izibonelo: upende, uyinki).
2. I-Aerosol: I-Colloid equkethe izinto eziwuketshezi noma eziqinile ezihlakazekile kugesi (izibonelo: inkungu, intuthu).
3. I-Emulsion: I-colloid equkethe uketshezi oluhlakazekile oketshezini (izibonelo: ubisi, i-mayonnaise).
4. Ijeli: I-colloid enesigaba sayo esihlakazekile esiqinile esibanjwe endaweni ewuketshezi (isibonelo: i-agar-agar, i-gelatin).
5. Igwebu: I-colloid equkethe igesi ehlakazekile oketshezini (isibonelo: igwebu lensipho).
Izakhiwo ze-Colloids
1. Umphumela weTyndall
Esinye sezimpawu ezaziwa kakhulu zama-colloid umphumela we-Tyndall. Umphumela we-Tyndall uvela lapho ukukhanya kuhlangana nezinhlayiya ze-colloidal futhi kuhlakazwa yizo, kudala izindlela zokukhanya ezibonakalayo. Lesi simo asiveli ezixazululweni zangempela, lapho izinhlayiya ezincibilikisiwe zincane kakhulu kangangokuthi azikwazi ukusabalalisa ukukhanya.
I-Tyndall Effect yisona sizathu esenza sikwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwelanga ngenkungu noma sibheke indlela yokukhanya ekamelweni elinothuli ngefasitela elivulekile. Ngenxa yalesi simo, i-Tyndall Effect isetshenziswa naselabhorethri ukuthola ukuthi ingxube iyi-colloid noma cha.
2. Ukunyakaza kwe-Brownian
Ukunyakaza kwe-brownian ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwe-zigzag kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal okubangelwa ukushayisana nama-molecule e-dispersing medium. Lokhu kunyakaza kwaqala ukubonwa usosayensi uRobert Brown ngo-1827 ngenkathi efunda impova ehlakazekile emanzini. Ukunyakaza kwe-brownian kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwama-colloid, kuvimbele izinhlayiya ukuthi zingahlali ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi.
Lesi simo singabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope futhi sinikeza ubufakazi bokuthi izinhlayiya ze-colloidal ziyasebenzisana ngokuqhubekayo nendawo yazo yokuhlakazeka.
3. Ukumuncwa
Ukumuncwa kuyisenzakalo lapho izinhlayiya ze-colloidal zidonsela futhi zigcine ama-molecule noma ama-ion athile ebusweni bawo. Lesi sici senza ama-colloides asebenze kahle kakhulu ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi, ekwelapheni, nakwezinye izinhlelo eziningi. Isibonelo, izinhlayiya ze-carbon ezisebenzayo ziyi-colloides ezisetshenziswa ezihlungini zamanzi ukumunca ukungcola nezinto eziyingozi emanzini.
Ukumuncwa kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal kungaba usizo nasembonini yezokwelapha, njengasekuklanyweni kwemithi okudinga ukulawula ukukhishwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo emzimbeni.
4. I-Colloidal Squirt
Ukuchitheka kwe-Colloidal kuyinto lapho izinhlayiya ze-colloidal ezishajelwe ngokufanayo zisunduzana, okuholela ekuhlakazekeni okuzinzile kakhulu. Izinhlayiya ze-Colloidal zingashajelwa kahle noma kabi, futhi amandla okuxosha phakathi kwazo avimbela ukuhlangana ndawonye.
Lesi yisona sizathu sokuqina okuphezulu kwezinye izinhlobo zama-colloid. Isibonelo, emzimbeni womuntu, amaprotheni e-plasma yegazi angama-colloid avimbela igazi ekujiyeni futhi agcine ukuhambisana kokujikeleza kwegazi.
5. Ukujiya kwe-coagulation
Ukujiya yinqubo lapho izinhlayiya ze-colloidal zihlangana khona ukuze zakhe ama-aggregate amakhulu, angagcina eqhelile noma ehlukene nendawo ehlakazayo. Le nqubo ivame ukwenzeka lapho ukushaja kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal kuncishiswa, kungaba yi-electrolyte noma enye i-ejenti yokujiya.
Ukuhlanganisa amanzi kubalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukene zezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi angcolile ukuze kuhlukaniswe ama-colloid emanzini angcolile. Ukuhlanganisa amanzi angcolile kuyadingeka nasekukhiqizweni kweziphuzo ezifana nobhiya kanye nojusi wezithelo ukuze kususwe izinto ezingafuneki.
6. Ukuhlanza nge-Dialysis
I-Dialysis iyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya ze-colloidal kuma-ion amancane noma ama-molecule ahlakazekile nge-membrane engena kancane. Le nqubo iwusizo ezimbonini ze-biochemical kanye nezemithi ukuze kuhlanzwe amaprotheni nezinye izingxenye zezinto eziphilayo ezihlakazekile ezixazululweni ze-colloidal.
I-Dialysis yaziwa nangokuthi indlela yokwelapha iziguli ezinenkinga yezinso, lapho umshini we-dialysis uthatha khona umsebenzi wezinso ukuhlunga igazi ezintweni ezinobuthi nama-ion angadingekile.
7. I-Electrophoresis
I-Electrophoresis ibhekisela ekuhambeni kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal ezishajiwe ensimini kagesi. Izinhlayiya zizoya ku-electrode ene-charge ephambene. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ku-biochemistry kanye ne-molecular biology ukuhlukanisa nokuhlaziya ama-molecule amakhulu njenge-DNA, i-RNA, kanye namaprotheni ngokusekelwe ekushajeni kwawo kanye nosayizi wawo.
I-gel electrophoresis ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokusebenzisa, lapho izinhlayiya ezishajiwe zihlukaniswa khona kujeli ngokusekelwe ekushajeni kwazo bese kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi.
Izinhlelo Zokusebenza ze-Colloid
Ngokusekelwe ezimfanelweni okuxoxwe ngazo, ama-colloid anendawo ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nemboni. Ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ama-colloid yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi
Izinhlayiya ze-Colloidal zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi ukususa ukungcola nezinto eziyingozi. Ukumuncwa kanye nokujiya kuyizinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezisebenzisa izakhiwo ze-colloid ukuhlanza amanzi.
2. Ikhemisi
Embonini yezemithi, ama-colloid avame ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo semithi mbumbulu ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kanye nekhono lokugcina nokukhulula izithako ezisebenzayo ngendlela elinganisekayo. Ama-emulsion nama-gel e-colloidal asetshenziswa futhi ekugcotshweni, okhilimu, kanye nase-lotion.
3. Imboni Yokudla
Embonini yokudla, ama-colloid adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekuthungeni kwemikhiqizo. Ubisi, i-yogurt, i-mayonnaise, ne-jelly kuyizibonelo zemikhiqizo empeleni eyizinhlelo ze-colloidal. Ukuqina nokungaguquguquki kwale mikhiqizo kuncike ezicini ezihlukile zama-colloid.
4. Izimonyo
Imikhiqizo yobuhle efana nokhilimu, ama-lotion, kanye nama-shampoo iwumphumela wobuchwepheshe be-colloidal. Ukuzinza kwe-emulsion kanye nokukhululwa okulawulwayo kwezithako ezisebenzayo yizona zizathu eziyinhloko ezenza ama-colloid asetshenziswe kabanzi emikhiqizweni yezimonyo.
5. I-Nanotechnology
I-nanotechnology isebenzisa izakhiwo zama-colloid ukukhiqiza izinto ezinezici ezithile kakhulu. Ama-colloid ensimbi noma ama-nanoparticles asetshenziswa kuma-sensor, ama-catalyst, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.
Isiphetho
Izakhiwo zama-colloid zizenza zibe yizinto ezithakazelisayo kumakhemikhali angokwenyama, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo okusebenzayo kuyahlukahluka. Kusukela ekuphathweni kwamanzi kanye nemithi kuya ekudleni nasezimonyweni, ama-colloid abonakale eyizingxenye ezibalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kanye nemboni. Ukuqonda izici ezihlukile zama-colloids kuvula umnyango wokuhlola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kanye nokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
