Umlando weSingasari kanye nefa lawo
ISingasari, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi uMbuso weSinghasari, yayingomunye wemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni weziqhingi zase-Indonesia, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko nezepolitiki kweJava. Lo mbuso, owasungulwa ngekhulu le-13, washiya umthelela omkhulu osazwakala nanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umlando weSingasari ngokujulile, kusukela ekusungulweni kwawo kuya ekuweni kwawo, kanye nefa lomlando elashiywa ngemuva.
Ukusungulwa kanye nenkazimulo yeSingasari
UMbuso waseSingasari wasungulwa ngo-1222 CE nguKen Arok, umuntu odumile owaziwa ngendaba yakhe yokuphila egcwele ubuqili kanye nesifiso sokuvelela. UKen Arok waphumelela ekumiseni umbuso ngemuva kokunqoba uTunggul Ametung, umbusi waseTumapel, futhi waba yinkosi yokuqala yaseSingasari, ephethe isihloko esithi Sri Ranggah Rajasa Bhatara Sang Amurwabhumi. Le ndaba ayisoze yafa ePararaton, umbhalo wesandla wasendulo osebenza njengomthombo obalulekile womlando kaSingasari.
Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaKen Arok kanye nabamlandela, uSingasari wabhekana nenkathi yegolide. Amakhosi adumile aseSingasari, ngaphandle kukaKen Arok, ahlanganisa u-Anusapati, uTohjaya, uWisnuwardhana, kanye noKertanegara. UKertanegara, inkosi yokugcina yaseSingasari, eyabusa kusukela ngo-1268 kuya ku-1292, wayaziwa njengomholi onesifiso esikhulu nonombono. Wandisa ithonya likaSingasari hhayi eJava kuphela kodwa naseSumatra, eKalimantan, naseBali ngokusebenzisa izimpi zezombusazwe nezempi ezinolaka.
Inqubomgomo kaKertanegara edumile yezangaphandle kwakuyiPamalayu Expedition ngo-1275 CE, eyayihlose ukuqinisa ithonya likaSingasari eSumatra nokuqeda usongo oluvela eMbusweni wamaMongol, owawuholwa uKublai Khan ngaleso sikhathi. Lolu hambo lwaluhlose futhi ukwakha ubuhlobo obuqinile bezombusazwe kanye nohwebo nemibuso esiqhingini.
Ukuwa kweSingasari
Naphezu kokufinyelela esicongweni sayo ngaphansi kweKertanegara, iSingasari ayizange ihlale isikhathi eside. Ngo-1292, iSingasari yabhekana nokuhlaselwa nguJayakatwang, uMbusi waseKediri owayevukela umbuso. UJayakatwang waphumelela ekubulaleni uKertanegara nokuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseSingasari. Ukuwa kukaSingasari kwavula indlela yokusungulwa koMbuso wamaMajapahit, owasungulwa nguRaden Wijaya, umkhwenyana kaKertanegara, ngosizo lwebutho lamaMongol elalithunyelwe ekuqaleni ukuzojezisa iKertanegara.
Izinsalela zeSingasari
1. Ithempeli laseSingasari
Ithempeli laseSingasari lingenye yezinsalela ezinkulu zalo mbuso, eliseSifundeni saseSingosari, eMalang Regency, e-East Java. Lakhiwa ngekhulu le-13 njengendawo yokukhulekela kanye nokukhumbula iNkosi uKertanegara, ukwakheka kwethempeli kubonisa inhlanganisela yezitayela zaseJavane, zamaHindu, kanye nezamaBuddha, okubonisa izinkolelo ezahlukahlukene zabantu baseSingasari. Ithempeli laseSingasari linemifanekiso eminingi edwetshwe eveza izinganekwane zamaHindu namaBuddha, futhi libonisa ubuhle bezithombe zesikhathi salo.
2. Ithempeli likaJago
IThempeli laseJago liyisikhumbuzo esibalulekile esivela eSingasari, etholakala eTumpang, eMalang. Lakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kweWisnuwardhana, leli thempeli laziwa ngemidwebo yalo echaza izindaba zeRamayana neMahabharata. Ukwakhiwa kwalo okuyingqayizivele, okungalandeli ngokuqinile isitayela sethempeli lamaHindu esivamile, kunesakhiwo esithe tyaba nesibanzi. IThempeli laseJago liwubufakazi obuthule bokuthuthukiswa kobuciko namasiko aseSingasari athuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi salo.
3. Isithombe sikaPrajnaparamita
Isithombe sikaPrajnaparamita siyisifanekiso esidumile sikaSingasari, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha ezimfundisweni zobuBuddha. Lesi sithombe kukholakala ukuthi sibonisa iNdlovukazi uKen Dedes, umkaKen Arok, naye ohlonishwa njengomuntu ongcwele. Lesi sithombe sibonisa ubuciko obuhle nobunemininingwane, okubonisa amakhono abaculi bakaSingasari emkhakheni wokudweba.
4. I-Hermitage kaKen Dedes
I-Ken Dedes Hermitage iyindawo okukholelwa ukuthi iyindawo yokuzindla yeNdlovukazi uKen Dedes. Itholakala eCandirenggo Village, eSingosari, ivame ukuvakashelwa izihambi ezifisa ukuhlonipha uKen Dedes njengomuntu ongokomoya kanye nonina wobukhosi bakwaSingasari.
5. Amaqabunga Esundu Asendulo
Kutholakale imibhalo eminingana yasendulo enamahlamvu esundu equkethe izimfundiso zenkolo, zomthetho, kanye nezincwadi kusukela enkathini yamaSingasari. Le mibhalo ebhalwe ngamahlamvu esundu ibonisa izinga eliphezulu lobuhlakani phakathi kwabantu baseSingasari kanye nokubaluleka kwemfundo nolwazi phakathi naleso sikhathi. Imibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla efana nePararaton neNagarakretagama iqopha ulwazi oluningi ngomlando weSingasari, izinganekwane kanye namasiko.
Ifa Lamasiko laseSingasari
Ifa likaSingasari lidlulela ngale kwezinsalela ezibonakalayo ngesimo samathempeli nezithombe; laphinde lathonya kakhulu isiko lamaJava, okuhlanganisa amasiko, izincwadi, kanye nomthetho. Embusweni wezomthetho, umqondo wenkosi njengomholi ophakeme ophethe inhlalakahle yabantu bayo waba yisisekelo esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokubusa zemibuso yamaJava eyalandela.
Ezincwadini, izindaba zobuqhawe nezingaqondakali zesikhathi sikaSingasari zivame ukulandiswa kabusha emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yakudala neyesimanje yaseJava. Enye indaba enjalo yindaba kaKen Arok noKen Dedes, eye yaba yinganekwane edluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
I-Penutup
Umlando weSingasari uyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wesiqhingi sase-Indonesia, ogcwele ubuqili, isifiso sokuvelela, kanye nenkazimulo. Ngaphansi kwabaholi baso abanekhono, iSingasari yakha ngempumelelo umbuso onethonya futhi yashiya ifa elihle kakhulu lamasiko. Nakuba lo mbuso wahlala isikhathi esifushane futhi waphela ngokusungulwa kweMajapahit, izinsalela zalesi sikhathi zihlala zingofakazi bobukhulu bukaSingasari, zithonya intuthuko yamasiko nomlando weJava kanye nesiqhingi sase-Indonesia sisonke.
Njengomphakathi wanamuhla, sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela, ukulondoloza, nokufunda la magugu ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo ziqhubeke nokuqaphela nokwazisa umlando wethu ocebile namasiko. I-Singasari iyisibonakaliso senkazimulo yesikhathi esidlule, esinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
