## Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa KwamaSulumane e-Indonesia
I-Islam iyinkolo enkulu kunazo zonke e-Indonesia, izwe elinabantu abaningi abangamaSulumane emhlabeni. Umlando wentuthuko ye-Islam e-Indonesia uhambo olude olugcwele ukuguquguquka kanye nokusebenzisana kwamasiko ahlukahlukene. Nakuba i-Islam ibusa njengamanje, ukufika kwayo nokusabalala kwayo kulo lonke isiqhingi kwakungeyona inqubo eyenzeka ngokuzumayo, kodwa kwakuyinqubo ende, eqala ngekhulu lesi-7 kuya kwelama-20. Lesi sihloko sizochaza umlando wentuthuko ye-Islam e-Indonesia kusukela ekufikeni kwayo ekuqaleni kuze kube sesikhathini sokuzimela.
### Ukuqala Kokufika Kwe-Islam
Impucuko eziqhingini zase-Indonesia yayikhona kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Islam. UbuHindu nobuBuddha babubusa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwemibuso emikhulu efana neSrivijaya neMajapahit. UbuSulumane baqala ukufika ngemizila yokuhweba eqhutshwa abahwebi abangamaSulumane abavela e-Arabia, ePheresiya, eNdiya naseShayina. Ubudlelwano bokuhweba obusungulwe phakathi kweziqhingi namazwe azungeze uLwandle lwase-Arabia kanye nePersian Gulf bavumela ukushintshana ngamasiko nenkolo.
Ucwaningo lomlando lubonisa ukuthi abahwebi abavela eMpumalanga Ephakathi baqala ukuvakashela ogwini lwaseSumatra, eJava, nakwezinye iziqhingi eziqhingini zase-Indonesia kusukela ngekhulu lesi-7. Ubufakazi bemiphakathi yamaSulumane buvela futhi emibhalweni yaseShayina, ekhuluma ngokuba khona kwemizi yama-Arabhu ogwini olusentshonalanga yeSumatra. Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kwemiphakathi yendawo ibe yiSulumane kwenzeka kancane kancane futhi kwahambisana nethonya lamasiko endawo.
### Ikhulu le-13 kuya kwele-16: Ukusabalala kanye namandla oMbuso WamaSulumane
Ingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wamaSulumane eziqhingini zase-Indonesia kwaba ukusungulwa kweSamudera Pasai Sultanate e-Aceh ngekhulu le-13. Le sultanate ibhekwa njengombuso wokuqala wamaSulumane kulezi ziqhingi. ISamudera Pasai yaba yisikhungo esibalulekile sokuhweba kanye nokusabalala kwe-Islam, kokubili ngenxa yendawo yayo ehlelekile kanye nokusekelwa kwabahwebi nezazi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaSulumane.
Ngekhulu le-16, igagasi lokuguqukela kobuSulumane laqina ngokuvela kweminye imibuso yamaSulumane, njengeMalacca Sultanate eMalay Peninsula kanye neDemak Sultanate eJava. IMalacca Sultanate yadlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaleni kweSulumane ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasentshonalanga yesiqhingi, kanti iDemak Sultanate yadlala indima ekusabalaliseni ubuSulumane kulo lonke elaseJava nasezindaweni ezizungezile.
AmaWali Songo, osanta abayisishiyagalolunye abadumile baseJava, adlale indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni ubuSulumane ngendlela eyayivumelana kakhulu namasiko endawo. Basebenzisa indlela ecabangelayo kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ubuciko bendawo, isiko, namasiko, ukusabalalisa izimfundiso zobuSulumane ngendlela eyamukelekayo kubantu baseJava.
### Ikhulu le-17 kuya kwele-19: Ubukoloni kanye ne-Islam
Ukufika kwabaseYurophu kulezi ziqhingi, okuhlanganisa amaPutukezi, amaSpanishi, amaDashi, namaNgisi, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Islam. AmaPutukezi aqala ukufika ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 futhi anqoba iMalacca ngempumelelo ngo-1511. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kwawo kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokusekelwa kanye nomoya we-jihadist ngaphakathi kwemibuso yamaSulumane endawo.
Ngekhulu le-17, amaDashi afika futhi asungula i-VOC (i-Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), eyabe isibusa ukuhweba nezombusazwe kulezi ziqhingi. Ukulawulwa kwe-VOC, kanye nohulumeni wamakoloni waseDashi cishe amakhulu amathathu eminyaka, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlakeni zezepolitiki, zenkolo, kanye nezenhlalo zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho ubuhlakani bamaSulumane baqala khona ukuchuma, ngokuvela kwezazi ezivelele njengoSheikh Yusuf Makassar noHamzah Fansuri.
AmaDashi asebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene maqondana ne-Islam. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayengabaza ukukhuluma ngezici zokholo lwamaSulumane kanye nokukhulekela ukuze agweme ukumelana okungenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, awazange angabaze ukusebenzisa amandla empi ukuze aqede ukuvukela okushukunyiswa umoya we-jihad, njengalokho okwenzeka eMpini kaPadri (1821-1837) kanye neMpi yase-Aceh (1873-1912).
### Ikhulu lama-20: Ubuzwe kanye nobuSulumane
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaqala ukuvela izinhlangano zokuvuselela amaSulumane eziphefumulelwe ngabaguquli bezinguquko baseMpumalanga Ephakathi njengoMuhammad Abduh noJamaluddin al-Afghani e-Indonesia. Lezi zinhlangano zazifuna ukukhulula amaSulumane emikhubeni ebhekwa njengengcolile futhi zibuyele ezimfundisweni ezimsulwa zeQuran kanye neHadith. Izinhlangano zamaSulumane zanamuhla ezifana neMuhammadiyah (eyasungulwa ngo-1912) kanye neNahdlatul Ulama (eyasungulwa ngo-1926) zavela ngenxa yalo moya wokuvuselela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuzwe base-Indonesia, obusekelwe enkolelweni eyahlanganisa izinhlanga ezahlukene, izinkolo, namaqembu, baqala ukukhula ukuze bamelane nobukoloni baseDashi. Abantu abangamaSulumane abanjengoHOS Tjokroaminoto noKH Ahmad Dahlan bahlanganisa intshiseko yenkolo neyobuzwe emzabalazweni wokuzimela.
Ekugcineni, isimemezelo sokuzimela kwe-Indonesia ngo-Agasti 17, 1945, saphawula umvuthwandaba walo mzabalazo omude. Indima yezazi zamaSulumane nezinhlangano zamaSulumane ekusekeleni umzabalazo wokuzimela yayibalulekile. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuzimela, izingxoxo mayelana nezisekelo zombuso zaqhubeka, okwaholela esivumelwaneni ngePancasila njengesisekelo sombuso, esihlonipha ukwehlukahlukana nokubekezelelana.
### Ukuvala
Umlando omude wentuthuko ye-Islam e-Indonesia ubonisa ukuguquguquka nobunzima bokuxhumana kwamasiko, ezepolitiki kanye nezenkolo. I-Islam iye yazivumelanisa namasiko endawo ngenkathi igcina ingqikithi yayo. Indlela yayo elinganiselayo nebekezelelanayo yenze yamukeleka kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi.
Namuhla, ubuSulumane budlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila e-Indonesia, okuhlanganisa izici ezingokomoya, zenhlalo, zezombusazwe kanye nezamasiko. Ukuqonda umlando wentuthuko yobuSulumane e-Indonesia kubalulekile hhayi nje ngokombono wezemfundo kodwa futhi nasekuqiniseni ubuzwe kanye nokwehlukahlukana.
Umoya wokubekezelelana owaboniswa ngabasakazi bokuqala be-Islam kulesi siqhingi kanye neminikelo yezazi ezalwela ukuzimela kudingeka iqhubeke nokwaziswa futhi isetshenziswe njengezibonelo ekubhekaneni nezinselele zalesi sikhathi sanamuhla.
