Umlando Wempucuko YaseSumeriya Nefa Layo
Impucuko yaseSumeriya ibhekwa njengenye yezindala kakhulu nezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu. Njengoba yathuthuka esifundeni saseMesopotamia (i-Iraq yanamuhla), yadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nohulumeni okuqhubeka nokusithonya namuhla.
Ukuqala Kokuphila KwaseSumeriya
Impucuko yaseSumeriya yaqala ukuvela cishe ngo-4500 BC ezigodini zoMfula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe. Lesi sifunda, esaziwa ngokuthi iMesopotamia, sanikeza inhlabathi evundile efanele ezolimo. AmaSumeriya ayengeyona yodwa impucuko eyachuma eMesopotamiya, kodwa ayengawokuqala ukwakha amadolobha ayinkimbinkimbi futhi athuthukile. Ukuqala kwempilo yaseSumeriya kuphawulwa ngokusungulwa kwamadolobha amaningana okuqala, njenge-Eridu, i-Ur, i-Uruk, ne-Lagash.
Isakhiwo Sezenhlalo Nezepolitiki
ISumer yayaziwa ngesakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Babenesigaba esicacile sezenhlalo, nenkosi noma umbusi phezulu, kulandele izikhulu, abathengisi, izingcweti, abalimi, nezigqila. Amakhosi aseSumer ayevame ukuchazwa njengabameleli bonkulunkulu eMhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela enezela ubuqiniso ekubuseni kwawo.
Uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwaseSumeriya lwaluphawulwa yimizi ezimele eyayivame ukulwa yodwa ngenxa yamandla nokulawula umhlaba ovundile. Idolobha ngalinye lala lalinonkulunkulu walo osekelayo, okwaholela ekuveleni kwamathempeli amakhulu esiwaziwa ngokuthi ama-ziggurat.
Inkolo Nezinganekwane
Izinkolelo zamaSumeriya zazithonywe kakhulu yizinganekwane kanye neqembu lonkulunkulu. Laba onkulunkulu babekholelwa ukuthi balawula zonke izici zokuphila, kusukela ekuvundeni komhlaba kuya ezenzakalweni zemvelo njengezikhukhula. Abanye bonkulunkulu abakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaSumeriya bahlanganisa u-An (unkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka), u-Enlil (unkulunkulu womoya nomoya), u-Inanna (unkulunkulukazi wothando nempi), kanye no-Enki (unkulunkulu wamanzi nokuhlakanipha).
AmaSumeriya ayengamaphayona ekudaleni enye yezinhlelo zenkolo ezihlelekile nezinethonya kakhulu. Izindumiso nemithandazo konkulunkulu yayibhalwe ngendlela yamaculo nezinkondlo, eziningi zazo ezisaphila ngombhalo we-cuneiform ezibhebheni zobumba.
Ukubhala kanye Nemfundo
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifezwe yimpucuko yaseSumeriya kwaba ukudalwa kohlelo lokubhala olwaziwa ngokuthi i-cuneiform. Lo mbhalo we-cuneiform, owaqala ukusetshenziswa cishe ngo-3400 BC, wenza kwaba lula ukuqoshwa komlando, kokuphatha kanye nokubhala. Lo mbono waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokubhala emhlabeni wonke.
USumer wayenesimiso semfundo esithuthukile kahle, lapho izingane (ikakhulukazi ezivela emindenini ecebile) zafunda khona ukufunda nokubhala ezikhungweni ezaziwa ngokuthi 'edubba', noma izindlu zamathebhulethi. Bafunda nezibalo, izinkanyezi, kanye nomthetho, konke okwabeka isisekelo semiphakathi eminingi eyalandela.
Impumelelo Kwezobuchwepheshe Nesayensi
Impucuko yaseSumeriya yaziwa ngokusungula kwayo ubuchwepheshe. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu abazenzile kwakuyisondo, elaqala ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izitsha zobumba futhi kamuva lasetshenziswa ekuthuthweni. Ukusetshenziswa kobumba ukudala amaphilisi okubhala nakho kwakuyinto ephawulekayo, okwenza kwaqoshwa ulwazi okokuqala emlandweni wesintu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaSumeriya asungula uhlelo lokunisela oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphatha amanzi oMfula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe ukuze kwandiswe isivuno sezolimo. Aphinde asungula ikhalenda elaba yisisekelo sekhalenda yesimanje futhi enolwazi oluthuthukile lwezinkanyezi nezibalo.
Ubuciko kanye Nezakhiwo
ISumer yayicebile ngobuciko kanye nezakhiwo. AmaZiggurat ayizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo ezinkulu zaseSumeriya. Lezi zakhiwo zimelela ifa elikhulu, ezisebenza njengamathempeli nezikhungo zokuphatha zamadolobha amakhulu aseSumeriya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombe zabo eziqoshiwe kanye nokuqoshwa kwazo kubonisa izinga elimangalisayo lemininingwane kanye nokunemba, njengoba kubonakala ezintweni zobuciko ezifana nemaski kaWarka kanye nesithombe sikaGudea.
Umthetho Nezimiso Zokuziphatha
IKhodi kaHammurabi ivame ukubhekwa njengenye yezinhlelo zomthetho ezibhaliwe ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, yize empeleni yaqala eBhabhiloni. Kodwa-ke, imithombo yaseSumeriya ikhombisa ukuthi imithetho ebhaliwe yangaphambilini kungenzeka ukuthi yayikhona lapho, ilawula izici ezahlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekuhwebeni kuya emshadweni.
Ifa kanye Nethonya
Ithonya lempucuko yamaSumeriya lahlala isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba wona ngokwawo enyamalele esigabeni somlando. Anqotshwa ama-Akkadian cishe ngo-2334 BC, kodwa iningi lamasiko nolwazi lwawo lwamukelwa abanqobi futhi lwagcinwa empucukweni yaseBabiloni nase-Asiriya kamuva.
Ubufakazi obuphathekayo baleli fa bungabonakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinto zakudala, njengochungechunge lwamathebulethi obumba e-cuneiform, izithombe eziqoshiwe, kanye namanxiwa ama-ziggurat. Lezi zinto zakudala zitholakale ngesikhathi sokumba kwanamuhla ezindaweni ezibalulekile zakudala njenge-Uruk, i-Ur, ne-Nippur.
Impumelelo yamaSumeriya kwezolimo, ezohwebo, ukubhala, kanye nesayensi yadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko enkulu yaseMesopotamiya, kanye nombono wempucuko emhlabeni wonke.
Isiphetho
Njengenye yempucuko yokuqala emhlabeni, amaSumeriya abeka izisekelo eziningi zempilo yanamuhla. Ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ekubhaleni, emthethweni, enkolweni, kanye nasebuchwephesheni, ashiya ifa elihlala njalo esintwini. Nakuba impucuko ngokwayo kungenzeka ukuthi yanyamalala emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, ithonya layo lizwakala ezicini ezibalulekile zesiko kanye nobuchwepheshe esibujabulelayo namuhla.
Ukuqonda nokwazisa impucuko yaseSumeriya akubalulekile nje kuphela emlandweni, kodwa futhi kunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bathuthuke kangakanani nokuthi imikhondo yayo isasikhuthaza kangakanani nanamuhla.
