Umlando Ophelele WeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala
I-Pendahuluan
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, eyathatha kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1918, yayingenye yezingxabano ezibhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Yadonsa ukunaka komhlaba futhi yahilela izizwe eziningi, yadala umthelela omkhulu esimweni sezombusazwe, sezenhlalo kanye nesezomnotho somhlaba. Le ngxabano ayishintshanga nje kuphela indlela esilwa ngayo impi kodwa futhi yaba nemiphumela ejulile eyabumba ikhulu lama-20. Lesi sihloko sizogxila kakhulu emlandweni ophelele weMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kusukela ezimbangela zayo kanye nendlela yokulwa kuze kube nomthelela wayo emhlabeni.
Isizinda kanye Nezimbangela Zempi
Ubumbano kanye nobuzwe
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iYurophu yayiyindawo enamandla amakhulu ayelwela ukubusa. I-Triple Alliance—iBrithani, iFrance, neRussia—yakha ama-Three Great Powers. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iJalimane, i-Austria-Hungary, ne-Italy zakha i-Triple Alliance. Ukungezwani phakathi kwala ma-bloc amabili kwaqhubeka nokukhula, kubhebhethekiswa yimizwa yobuzwe eyeqisayo phakathi kwezizwe zaseYurophu.
Inkinga YaseBalkan
Isifunda saseBalkan sasigcwele izingxabano zobuhlanga kanye nobuzwe obuqinile. UMbuso Wase-Ottoman obubuthakathaka wanikeza amazwe aseBalkan ithuba lokufuna ukuzimela nokwandisa izindawo zawo. Inkinga yaseBalkan yasekuqaleni kwawo-1910 yenza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla amakhulu aseYurophu, ikakhulukazi i-Austria-Hungary, eyayibona iSerbia njengosongo.
Ukubulawa KweNkosana uFranz Ferdinand
Isenzakalo esibalulekile esabangela impi kwaba ukubulawa kuka-Archduke Franz Ferdinand wase-Austria-Hungary ngomhlaka-28 Juni 1914, eSarajevo nguGavrilo Princip, umzweli waseSerbia. I-Austria-Hungary yabona lokhu njengethuba lokucindezela iSerbia futhi yakhipha isinqumo esinzima. Lapho iSerbia yenqaba amaphuzu amaningana alesi sinqumo, i-Austria-Hungary yamemezela impi neSerbia.
Inkambo Yempi
1914: Ukuqala Kwempi
Lapho i-Austria-Hungary imemezela impi neSerbia ngoJulayi 28, 1914, kwaqala ukwakhiwa izivumelwano zempi. IRussia, umfelandawonye weSerbia, yahlanganisa amabutho ayo. IJalimane, umfelandawonye we-Austria-Hungary, yasekela umfelandawonye ngokumemezela impi neRussia ngo-Agasti 1, 1914, kwabe sekulandela iFrance ngo-Agasti 3, 1914. IBrithani yaqala ukuzibandakanya ngemuva kokuba iJalimane yephule inqubomgomo yokungathathi hlangothi kweBelgium ngo-Agasti 4, 1914.
Impi ENtshonalanga: Impi Yomsele
Impi yaseWestern Front yaphenduka impi yemisele ngokushesha, izinhlangothi zombili zimba imisele emide kusukela eNorth Sea kuya emngceleni waseSwitzerland. Ngemva kweMpi Yokuqala yaseMarne ngoSepthemba 1914, imigqa yangaphambili yazinza ngaphandle kokushintsha okuncane endaweni. Impilo emiseleni yayiyesabeka, inezimo ezinzima, amagundane, izifo, kanye nokuntuleka kwezinsiza.
Impi eMpumalanga
Ngasohlangothini lwaseMpumalanga, izinto zazishintsha kakhulu. IRussia yathola impumelelo yokuqala ngokumelene ne-Austria-Hungary kodwa yanqotshwa kakhulu yiJalimane eMpini yaseTannenberg kanye naseMpini yamaLakes aseMasurian. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuphakama kwezempi kweJalimane esifundeni.
1915: Impi Iyanda
Ngo-1915, imizamo yokuqeda udweshu eWestern Front yehluleka, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwegesi enobuthi eMpini Yesibili yaseYpres. I-Eastern Front nayo yayishintsha, iJalimane ne-Austria-Hungary ziqala ukubusa iRussia. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Italy yayisanda kujoyina ama-Allies ngemuva kokushiya i-Triple Alliance, okwaqhubeka isikhathi eside nempi.
Umkhankaso waseGallipoli
Ama-Allies azama ukuhlasela uMbuso Wase-Ottoman ngokufika eGallipoli ngo-Ephreli 1915. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhankaso waba ukwehluleka okukhulu kanye nokulimala okukhulu kanye nokuhoxa okungenazithelo ngoJanuwari 1916.
1916: Impi Enegazi
I-Verdun kanye ne-Somme
Unyaka ka-1916 waphawulwa yizimpi ezimbili ezichithe igazi kakhulu empini: iMpi yaseVerdun kanye neMpi yaseSomme. IMpi yaseVerdun yaqala ngoFebhuwari 1916 futhi yathatha ingxenye enkulu yonyaka, lapho amaFulentshi ephumelela ekubambeni izinqaba zawo kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. IMpi yaseSomme yaqala ngoJulayi 1916, izama ukuqeda udweshu eNtshonalanga kodwa yaphela ngabangaphezu kwesigidi abashonile futhi ingatholi miphumela ebalulekile.
1917: Ushintsho Olushintshayo
Ukuvukela KwaseRussia
Ngo-1917, iNguquko kaFebhuwari yagumbuqela uTsar Nicholas II waseRussia futhi yaqeda uMbuso wamaRomanov. Uhulumeni omusha wesikhashana wazama ukuqhubeka nempi kodwa wabhekana nokungazinzi kwangaphakathi. INguquko ka-Okthoba yabe isiveza amaBolshevik, eholwa nguVladimir Lenin, owasayina iSivumelwano saseBrest-Litovsk ngoMashi 1918, okwaqeda ukubandakanyeka kweRussia empini.
I-United States Ihilelekile
Ukuhlasela okungahleliwe kwemikhumbi-ngwenya yiJalimane kanye ne-Zimmerman telex, eyaphakamisa ubumbano phakathi kweJalimane neMexico ngokumelene ne-United States, kwaphoqa i-US ukuba imemezele impi neJalimane ngo-Ephreli 6, 1917. Ukufika kwamasosha aseMelika kanye nezinsizakusebenza kwanikeza amandla amakhulu kuma-Allies.
1918: Ngasekupheleni
ENtshonalanga, iJalimane yaqala i-Operation Kaiserschlacht ekuqaleni kuka-1918 ukuzama ukunqoba ngaphambi kokuba kufike amabutho amakhulu aseMelika. Naphezu kwempumelelo ethile yokuqala, i-Spring Offensive yagcina ime. Ukuhlasela okulwa nama-Allied, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Hundred Days Offensive, kwaqala ukuqeda amandla aseJalimane.
Umthelela kanye Nemiphumela
NgoNovemba 1918, iJalimane yayibhekene nokuwa ekhaya nasempini. UMbusi uWilhelm II wasula esikhundleni, kwase kumiswa iRiphabhulikhi yaseWeimar. Isivumelwano sokumisa sasayinwa ngoNovemba 11, 1918, okwaqeda iMpi Yezwe I.
Isivumelwano saseVersailles
Impi yaphela ngokusemthethweni ngeSivumelwano saseVersailles ngoJuni 28, 1919. IJalimane yaphoqeleka ukwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo ophelele wempi futhi yakhokhela izinxephezelo ezinkulu. Lesi sivumelwano sashintsha imephu yeYurophu futhi sadala izinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululwanga, ekugcineni saba negalelo ekuqubukeni kweMpi Yezwe II.
Imiphumela Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho
Le mpi yabangela ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi zabantu futhi yabangela umonakalo omkhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ngokomnotho, impi yabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu esakhiweni somnotho womhlaba. Yaphinde yasakaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bezempi futhi yashintsha unomphela indlela impi eyayilwiwa ngayo.
Isiphetho
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayiyimpi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezigaba eziningi. Kusukela ezimbangini zayo ezisekelwe emibangweni yezepolitiki kuya emthonjeni wayo obhubhisayo noshintsha umlando, singafunda okuningi ngohlobo lwempi enkulu. Nakuba iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala isiphelile kudala, umthelela wayo usazwakala nanamuhla futhi unikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
