Umlando Ophelele Wempucuko Yama-Aztec
Impucuko yama-Aztec yayingenye yezindawo ezazinethonya kakhulu eMelika ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Bakha umbuso omkhulu eMesoamerica (cishe indawo manje eyiMexico ephakathi) kanye nesikhungo samandla ayo eTenochtitlan, idolobha elihle kakhulu elaba uphawu lwenkazimulo yabo. Umlando wama-Aztec awuyona nje indaba yempi nokwanda, kodwa futhi nohlelo lwezepolitiki oluyinkimbinkimbi, umnotho ohlelekile kahle, impumelelo yezakhiwo, kanye namasiko aqinile enkolo. Lesi sihloko sizobukeza umlando ophelele wempucuko yama-Aztec, kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuya ekuweni kwayo.
Imvelaphi Nokufuduka Kwabantu BaseMexico
Igama elithi "Aztec" livame ukusetshenziswa ukubhekisela eqenjini elibizwa ngokuthi iMexica ngokunembe kakhudlwana, abantu kamuva abasungula iTenochtitlan. Ngokwesiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo, iMexica yaqala endaweni yasenganekwaneni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Aztlán, okukholelwa ukuthi isenyakatho yeMexico. Bahamba isikhathi eside befuduka ezizukulwaneni eziningana, behamba ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kwamanye amaqembu futhi befuna ikhaya okukholelwa ukuthi "limiselwe" unkulunkulu wabo ongumvikeli, uHuitzilopochtli.
Phakathi nohambo lwabo, abantu baseMexico babevame ukubonwa njengabafuduki abangenamhlaba nabangenaso isithunzi. Babephila njengabaqaphi noma izisebenzi kwamanye amadolobha aseSigodini saseMexico. Lesi simo sabumba ubuntu babo: babenesizotha, benobushiqela, futhi bethembele kakhulu ekubambisaneni kweqembu.
Ukusungulwa kweTenochtitlan
Ngokusho kwenganekwane ethandwayo, unkulunkulu uHuitzilopochtli wayala iMexico ukuba yakhe idolobha lapho babona khona uphawu: ukhozi luhlezi phezu kwe-cactus ludla inyoka. Lolu phawu lwatholakala esiqhingini eLake Texcoco, kwathi ngo-1325 CE (ukulinganisa okuvamile), basungula iTenochtitlan. Indawo yayingafanele ekuqaleni: inhlabathi yayinodaka futhi ithambekele ekukhukhuleni. Kodwa yilapho lapho kwavela khona ubuhlakani bobunjiniyela bama-Aztec.
Bakha imisele, imisele, kanye nemigwaqo ebaxhumanisa nezwekazi. Baphinde bathuthukisa uhlelo lwe-chinampas—iziqhingi zokwenziwa zezolimo—okwenza indawo ezungeze ichibi ikhiqize kakhulu. I-Tenochtitlan yabe isikhula yaba elinye lamadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi, elinabantu abalinganiselwa kumakhulu ezinkulungwane.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamandla kanye ne-Triple Alliance
Ekuqaleni, iMexico yayingaphansi kwethonya lamadolobha anamandla njenge-Azcapotzalco (elawulwa abantu baseTepanec). Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15, kwaba noshintsho olukhulu. Ngemva kwezingxabano zezombusazwe nezempi, iMexico yahlangana namanye amadolobha amabili: iTexcoco neTlacopan. Lo mfelandawonye, owaziwa ngokuthi iTriple Alliance, wasungulwa cishe ngo-1428.
Lo mfelandawonye waba yisisekelo soMbuso wama-Aztec. Empeleni, iTenochtitlan kancane kancane yaba amandla amakhulu ngaphakathi komfelandawonye, ikakhulukazi ngobuholi bamakhosi anjenge-tlatoani (u-Itzcoatl kanye nabamlandelayo. Banda baya ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseMesoamerica ngokunqoba kanye nokusungulwa kwamanethiwekhi entela.
Uhlelo Lwezepolitiki Nomphakathi
UMbuso Wama-Aztec wawungewona umbuso wesimanje ohlangene, kodwa wawuyinethiwekhi yamadolobha ayedingeka ukuze kukhokhwe intela. Izindawo ezanqoba zagcina abaholi bendawo kodwa kwakudingeka zithumele izimpahla ezifana nommbila, ukotini, ukhokho, izimpaphe zezinyoni, amatshe ayigugu, namasosha. Lolu hlelo lwenza umbuso waceba, kodwa futhi lwavusa inzondo phakathi kwezifunda eziningi ezazizizwa zicindezelwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo sama-Aztec sasicacile impela. Phezulu kwakukhona izikhulu (pipiltin), zilandelwa abantu abavamile (macehualtin), bese kuba ungqimba lwezigqila (tlacotin), yize izigqila zazingezona njalo ifa, njengasebugqilini banamuhla. Kwakukhona nesigaba sabathengisi esibaluleke kakhulu (pochteca). Babengebona nje abahwebi, kodwa futhi babeqoqa ulwazi futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinhloli, besiza ama-Aztec ukuba aqonde izimo zezombusazwe kwezinye izifunda.
Umnotho Wezolimo Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha
Esinye sezizathu zempumelelo yama-Aztec kwakuwukuqina kwawo kwezomnotho. Ayenezimakethe ezinkulu, ezazidume kakhulu kuzo ezaziseTlatelolco (idolobha elingudadewabo kaTenochtitlan). Kulezi zimakethe, kwakuthengiswa izimpahla ezahlukahlukene—kusukela ekudleni nasezingutsheni kuya ezimpahleni zasekhaya kuya ezimpahleni zokunethezeka. Ukushintshana kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa, kodwa ubhontshisi we-cacao nezindwangu ezithile nakho kwakusebenza njengendlela yokushintshana.
Ukulima iChinampa kwakuyinto entsha enkulu. Ngokudala umhlaba ovundile phezu kwamachibi, ama-Aztec akwazi ukuvuna izitshalo eziningana minyaka yonke. Lokhu kwasekela inani elikhulu labantu futhi kwaqinisa ukuvikeleka kokudla. Imisele yayisebenza futhi njengemizila yezokuthutha, okwenza ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kube ngcono kakhulu.
Inkolo, Isiko, Nomhlatshelo
Inkolo yayibalulekile empilweni yama-Aztec. Ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi, kanye nonkulunkulu abakhulu njengoHuitzilopochtli (unkulunkulu welanga nempi), uTlaloc (unkulunkulu wemvula), noQuetzalcoatl (unkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha nomoya). Ama-Aztec ayekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke idinga ukulinganisela, futhi umhlatshelo—okuhlanganisa umhlatshelo womuntu—wawubhekwa njengendlela “yokondla” onkulunkulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwelanga nokusinda komhlaba.
Nakuba kuvame ukuvezwa ngamagama ashukumisayo, umhlatshelo wesiko emlandweni wama-Aztec wawuhlobene kakhulu nezombusazwe kanye nempi. Iziboshwa zempi zazivame ukuhlatshwa, futhi impi yayinesici senkolo. Kwakukhona nomqondo wezimpi zezimbali, impi yesiko yokubanjwa kwezithunjwa, yize imininingwane yalo mkhuba isaphikiswana ngayo yizazi-mlando.
Inkazimulo Esikhathini SikaMoctezuma kanye Nokucindezeleka Kwangaphakathi
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, amandla ama-Aztec afinyelela esicongweni sawo. Ababusi abanjengo-Ahuitzotl bandisa ukunqoba kwabo, bandisa ithempeli eliyinhloko (iTemplo Mayor), futhi baqinisa imizila yentela. UMoktezuma II (owaqala ngo-1502-1520) wabusa ngesikhathi lapho umbuso wawucebe kakhulu kodwa futhi ubuthakathaka.
Lokhu kuntengantenga kwavela ezintweni ezimbili: okokuqala, izindawo eziningi ezinqotshiwe zazingathembekile ngempela, kodwa zazilalelwa ngenxa yokwesaba. Okwesibili, uhlelo olukhulu lwentela lwaqinisa imizwa yobutha. Umbuso wawubonakala unamandla ngaphandle, kodwa wawunezinkinga zezombusazwe izitha ezazingazisebenzisa.
Ukufika KwaseSpain Nokuwa KoMbuso
Ngo-1519, uHernán Cortés wafika ogwini lwaseMexico nebutho elincane. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yakhe yayingengenxa yobuchwepheshe bezikhali kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yamasu ezepolitiki kanye nemifelandawonye yendawo. Izitha ezinkulu zama-Aztec, njengoTlaxcala, zabona ithuba lokugumbuqela iTenochtitlan. UCortés wasebenzisa nabahumushi kanye nabaxhumanisi bamasiko njengoMalintzin (La Malinche), owadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumisaneni nasekukhulumeni.
Umhlangano phakathi kukaCortés noMoctezuma wawungomunye wemicimbi ephawulekayo emlandweni. UMoktezuma wahlalisa amaSpanishi isikhashana eTenochtitlan, kodwa isimo saba sibi kakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvukela umbuso. Ngo-1520, kwenzeka iLa Noche Triste, lapho amabutho aseSpain aphoqeleka ukuba aphume edolobheni ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, amaSpain abuya nokusekelwa okunamandla kwabantu bendawo, izikhali ezisebenza kahle, kanye nesici esibulalayo kunazo zonke: izifo.
Ingxibongo yasakazeka phakathi kwabantu bendawo, ababengenawo amasosha omzimba, yaqeda inani labantu futhi yenza buthaka ibutho lama-Aztec. Ngemva kokuvinjezelwa isikhathi eside, iTenochtitlan yawa ngo-1521. Lokhu kwaba ukuphela koMbuso wama-Aztec kanye nokuqala kokunqotshwa kweMexico ngabaseSpain.
Ifa Lempucuko Yama-Aztec
Naphezu kokuwa kombuso, ifa lama-Aztec liyaqhubeka. Izinto eziningi zesiko labo zisekhona olimini, ekudleni, ebucikweni, nasemasikweni abantu baseMexico. Ulimi lwesiNahuatl lusakhulunywa nanamuhla yimiphakathi ethile. Uphawu lokhozi oluphezu kwe-cactus, oluvela enganekwaneni yokuqala yeTenochtitlan, luyingxenye yesambatho sesizwe saseMexico.
Emlandweni womhlaba, ama-Aztec abonisa ukuthi impucuko enkulu ingavela kanjani ekufudukeni nasekubandlululweni, bese ithuthukisa uhlelo lwezepolitiki nolwezomnotho oluyinkimbinkimbi. Aphinde abe yisibonelo sendlela izici zangaphakathi—njengokunganeliseki phakathi kwezindawo ezinqotshiwe—ezingasheshisa ngayo ukuwa kombuso, ikakhulukazi lapho ubhekene nezingcindezi zangaphandle njengokubuswa kwamakoloni nezifo.
Impucuko yama-Aztec iyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi yokunqoba kanye nenhlekelele. Ngokuqonda umlando wawo wonke, singabona ama-Aztec hhayi nje njengezimpawu zomhlatshelo noma impi, kodwa njengomphakathi onezimpumelelo ezibalulekile kwezolimo, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, ukuhweba, kanye namasiko. Umlando wawo uyingxenye ebalulekile yendlela abantu abaphila ngayo.
