Uguquko LwaseRussia kanye Nemvelaphi YeSoviet Union
Inguquko yaseRussia yango-1917 yayingesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla, hhayi nje kuphela ekushintsheni inkambo yaseRussia kodwa futhi yabeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kweSoviet Union. Inguquko yayinezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: iNguquko kaFebhuwari kanye neNguquko ka-Okthoba. Zombili zaletha izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini waseRussia futhi zaqeda iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu yokubusa kobukhosi baseRomanov. Lesi sihloko sizohlola isizinda, izenzakalo ezibalulekile, kanye nomthelela owaholela ekuzalweni kweSoviet Union.
Ingemuva leNguquko yaseRussia
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 iRussia yayiyizwe elikhulu kodwa lisilele emuva ezicini eziningana. Naphezu kwemithombo yalo yemvelo eminingi, iRussia yayisilele emuva eYurophu ngokwezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe. Iningi labantu bayo babengabalimi ababephila ngobumpofu, futhi ukunganeliseki ngombuso wobushiqela kaTsar Nicholas II kwakukhula.
IMpi Yezwe I yaba yimbangela enkulu yeNguquko YaseRussia. Ukubandakanyeka kweRussia empini kwaholela ekuweni komnotho, ukusweleka kokudla, kanye nezigidi zabantu abalimele. Ukunganeliseki ngohulumeni kaTsar Nicholas II kwakhula ngenxa yokungakwazi kwakhe ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imicabango yoguquko kanye nemibono kaMarxist yaqala ukuthola ukuthandwa phakathi kwezihlakaniphi kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi.
Inguquko kaFebhuwari ka-1917
INguquko kaFebhuwari ka-1917 yaqala ngemibhikisho emikhulu ePetrograd (manje eyiSt. Petersburg) ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari (ikhalenda likaJulian), eyabangelwa ukuntuleka kokudla kanye nokunganeliseki okuvamile ngohulumeni wamaTsarist. Le mibhikisho yaphenduka ngokushesha yaba ukuvukela umbuso, futhi amabutho empi athunyelwe ukucindezela imibhikisho aphendukela ababhikishi.
NgoMashi 2, 1917 (ngoMashi 15 ekhalendeni likaGregory), uTsar Nicholas II waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Lokhu kuqedwa kobukhosi kwaletha ukuphela kobukhosi baseRomanov, kwabe sekwakhiwa uHulumeni Wesikhashana, owakhiwa amalungu eDuma (iphalamende laseRussia) kanye namaqembu amaningana entando yeningi akhululekile nangokwenhlalo. Kodwa-ke, uHulumeni Wesikhashana wabhekana nezinselele ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa impi eqhubekayo, isiphithiphithi sangaphakathi, kanye nengcindezi evela emaqenjini avukela umbuso anamandla kakhulu.
I-Revolution ka-Okthoba ka-1917
Ngesikhathi uHulumeni Wesikhashana uzama ukuthola amandla okulawula kabusha, amaBolshevik, eholwa nguVladimir Lenin, aqhubeka nokuthola ukwesekwa. ULenin, ebuya ekudingisweni ngo-Ephreli 1917, waholela ekufeni kukaHulumeni Wesikhashana ngesiqubulo sokuthula, umhlaba, kanye nesinkwa. AmaBolshevik akwazile ukuheha ukwesekwa okuvela ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zesigaba sabasebenzi kanye namasosha ayedumele ngoHulumeni Wesikhashana.
I-October Revolution yaqala ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kokumelana okukhulu. Ngobusuku buka-Okthoba 25-26 (ikhalenda likaJulian), amabutho amaBolshevik athumba izindawo ezibalulekile ePetrograd, okuhlanganisa neWinter Palace, indlunkulu kaHulumeni Wesikhashana. Lo hulumeni wawa, futhi amaBolshevik athatha amandla. UVladimir Lenin wamemezela ngokushesha ukwakheka kweRussian Soviet Republic.
Ukwakheka kweSoviet Union
Ngemva kokuthatha amandla, umthwalo wemfanelo wamaBolshevik awuzange ulinganiselwe ekuhlanganiseni amandla awo ezombusazwe kodwa futhi nasekuxazululeni izinkinga zezwe. Imithetho kaLenin yokuthula nomhlaba, eyakhishwa ngokushesha ngemva kweNguquko ka-Okthoba, yazama ukubhekana nezinye zezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu: ukuthula kwebutho elikhathele yimpi kanye nokwabiwa komhlaba kwabalimi.
Nokho, ukunqoba kwamaBolshevik akwamukelwanga yiwo wonke umuntu. Lokhu kwabangela iMpi Yombango YaseRussia phakathi kweRed Army (amaBolshevik) neWhite Army (amaBolshevik), eyathatha kusukela ngo-1917 kuya ku-1923. Le mpi yombango yayinonya kakhulu, okwaholela ekufeni kwezigidi zabantu ngenxa yokulwa kanye nendlala. Nokho, ekugcineni, iRed Army yanqoba abaphikisi bayo futhi yaqinisa amandla amaBolshevik phezu kwengxenye enkulu yoMbuso wangaphambili waseRussia.
NgoDisemba 1922, i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni. Yayihlanganisa ama-republic amane asungule: i-Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), i-Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, i-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, kanye ne-Transcaucasian Federation (kamuva eyahlukaniswa yaba yiGeorgia, i-Armenia, ne-Azerbaijan). Ukwakhiwa kweSoviet Union kwaphawula ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla amaBolshevik kanye nokuzibophezela kwawo ezimisweni zikaMarxist, uLenin engumholi wawo wokuqala.
Uhulumeni WaseSoviet Wasekuqaleni Nezinqubomgomo
Ngemva kokwakhiwa kweSoviet Union, uhulumeni omusha wabhekana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha kabusha izwe elalibhujiswe yimpi yomhlaba kanye nempi yombango. Enye yezinyathelo zokuqala ezathathwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango kwakuyinqubomgomo "yobuKhomanisi Bempi," eyasetshenziswa ukulawula umnotho nokuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezidingo eziyisisekelo ze-Red Army kanye nabantu basemadolobheni. Kodwa-ke, le nqubomgomo yabangela ukunganeliseki okukhulu ngoba yaholela ekuthathweni okukhulu kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kubalimi futhi yabangela indlala enkulu.
Ukuze abhekane nale nkinga, uLenin wethula iNqubomgomo Entsha Yezomnotho (i-NEP) ngo-1921, eyakhulula ezinye izilawuli zombuso futhi yavumela ukuhweba okukhululekile kanye namabhizinisi amancane. I-NEP yabuyisela ngempumelelo umnotho waseSoviet emazingeni angaphambi kwempi eminyakeni embalwa, kodwa futhi yavusa impikiswano phakathi kwabaholi bamaBolshevik mayelana nekusasa lezomnotho wobusoshiyali.
Lapho uLenin eshona ngo-1924, umzabalazo wokulandelana kwezikhundla ngaphakathi kweQembu LamaKhomanisi wanda. Ekugcineni, uJoseph Stalin walandela uLenin njengomholi weqembu kanye nombuso. Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaStalin, iSoviet Union yabhekana noshintsho olukhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni okusheshayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezolimo, yize kwaba nezindleko ezinkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nenkululeko.
Umthelela Wenguquko YaseRussia Nokwakhiwa KweSoviet Union
Ukwakhiwa kweSoviet Union kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu hhayi eRussia kuphela kodwa nasesiteji somhlaba wonke. ISoviet Union yavela njengezwe elinamandla amakhulu elikwazi ukuphikisa ukubusa kwezwe lobungxowankulu, ikakhulukazi i-United States. Imibono yobuMarxism-Leninism yasakazeka kabanzi futhi yathonya izinhlangano zokuguqula umhlaba wonke.
Uguquko lwaseRussia lwavusa impikiswano nokuzindla emazweni amaningi mayelana nezinhlelo zezepolitiki nezomnotho ezingcono kakhulu ngenhlalakahle yabantu bawo. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuvela kweSoviet Union kwakhuthaza izinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye nezama-socialist ukuba zifune ushintsho olukhulu emiphakathini yazo.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngaphakathi ezweni, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin yaqhubeka nokuphishekela izinqubomgomo ezinzima nezicindezelayo ukuze ifeze imigomo yayo. Naphezu kokugxekwa nezinhlekelele, njengokuHlungwa Okukhulu kanye nendlala eyabangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu ngenkani, iSoviet Union yasinda futhi yadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wekhulu lama-20, okuhlanganisa nokunqotshwa kweJalimane lamaNazi eMpini Yezwe II.
Isiphetho
Uguquko lwaseRussia kanye nokwakhiwa kweSoviet Union kwakuyizikhathi ezibalulekile emlandweni ezathonya izici eziningi zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nomphakathi wezwe lanamuhla. Kusukela ekuweni kobukhosi baseRomanov kuya ekuphakameni kombuso wokuqala wamaMarxist emhlabeni, lezi zenzakalo azishintshanga nje kuphela isiphetho saseRussia kodwa futhi zaphawula inkathi entsha emlandweni womhlaba. Naphezu kwezinselele kanye nezimpikiswano, ifa loguquko lwaseRussia kanye nokwakhiwa kweSoviet Union lisabalulekile nanamuhla, linikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngamandla, imibono, kanye nomzabalazo wabantu woshintsho.
