Izehlakalo Ezibuhlungu Zokuqhunyiswa Kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki
Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki ngo-Agasti 1945 kwakungenye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu kakhulu zabantu emlandweni wanamuhla. Amadolobha amabili aseJapan abona ukusetshenziswa kokuqala nokwesibili kwezikhali zenuzi empini, hhayi nje kuphela ukuqeda izimpilo ezingenakubalwa ngemizuzwana embalwa kodwa futhi kwashiya imiphumela ehlala njalo yezifo, ukuhlukumezeka, kanye nomonakalo womphakathi owathatha amashumi eminyaka. Kuze kube namuhla, le nhlekelele isalokhu iyisikhumbuzo esicacile sezingozi zempi kanye namandla okubhubhisa obuchwepheshe bezikhali.
Ingemuva: IMpi Yezwe II kanye Nokungezwani EPacific
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, umhlaba wagcwala iMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945), eyabandakanya amazwe amaningi futhi yabangela ukulimala okukhulu. EPacific, iJapane yavela njengombuso wezempi omkhulu. Ngemva kokuhlasela iPearl Harbor ngoDisemba 7, 1941, iJapane yalwa ngqo ne-United States. Impi ePacific yayinzima, yabonakala ngokuthunjwa kweziqhingi kanye nokulimala okukhulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.
Ngo-1945, isimo seJapane sasiba sibi kakhulu. Amadolobha amaningi ayesebhujiswe ngamabhomu avamile, imigqa yayo yezokuthutha yancishiswa ukuvinjelwa, futhi amakhono ayo ezimboni ayencipha. Kodwa-ke, iJapane ayizange ibonise zimpawu zokuzinikela ngaphandle kwemibandela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-United States yayibhekene nokulindela ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kweJapane ezweni kuzobiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamasosha kanye nezakhamuzi. Kungalesi simo lapho izikhali zenuzi zazibhekwa njengendlela yokuphoqa ukuzinikela okusheshayo kweJapane.
Iphrojekthi yeManhattan kanye nezikhali zenuzi
Izikhali ezaphonswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki zaziwumphumela weManhattan Project, uhlelo lokucwaninga oluyimfihlo lwase-United States olwaqala ngo-1942 ukuthuthukisa ibhomu le-athomu. Lo msebenzi wawuhilela ososayensi abaphambili futhi wasekelwa yimithombo eminingi. Ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuqala kwenuzi eNew Mexico Desert ngoJulayi 16, 1945 (iTrinity Test), ibhomu le-athomu labhekwa njengelilungele ukusetshenziswa empini.
Isinqumo sokusebenzisa amabhomu e-athomu sasihlobene kakhulu nempikiswano yokuziphatha neyamasu. Abanye babekholelwa ukuthi bazosheshisa ukuphela kwempi futhi banciphise inani labantu ababulawa yimpi ende. Kodwa-ke, abanye babheka ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zikhali ngokumelene namadolobha avamile njengokuphulwa kwezimiso zobuntu, njengoba umthelela wazo wawungenakunqunyelwa ezinhlosweni zempi.
IHiroshima: Agasti 6, 1945
Ekuseni ngo-Agasti 6, 1945, ibhomu laseMelika i-B-29 elibizwa ngokuthi u-Enola Gay laphonsa ibhomu le-athomu, elibizwa ngokuthi “uMfana Omncane,” phezu kwedolobha laseHiroshima. Ibhomu laqhuma emoyeni, lakhiqiza ukukhanya okukhulu, igagasi lokushisa elishisayo, kanye negagasi lokushaqeka elabhubhisa izakhiwo endaweni ebanzi.
Ngokuphazima kweso, isikhungo sedolobha saguqulwa saba ulwandle lwamalangabi. Abantu abaningi bafa khona manjalo ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu kanye nezakhiwo ezidilikayo. Izinkulungwane ezengeziwe zathola ukusha okukhulu, ubumpumputhe besikhashana noma obuhlala njalo, kanye nokulimala ngenxa yezingcezu zensimbi kanye nomfutho wokuqhuma. Uhlelo lwezempilo lwalukhubazekile: izibhedlela zonakele, abasebenzi bezokwelapha babulawa, kanti nemithi yayingatholakali kalula. Labo abasinda kwadingeka balwe phakathi nomonakalo bengenamanzi ahlanzekile, ukudla okwanele, nendawo yokuhlala.
Izibalo zabantu abashonile eHiroshima zinkulu kakhulu. Imithombo eminingi ikhombisa ukuthi amashumi ezinkulungwane afa ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma, kanti inani liyaqhubeka nokwenyuka emasontweni alandelayo ngenxa yokulimala, izifo, kanye nokuchayeka emisebeni.
INagasaki: 9 Agasti 1945
Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, mhla ziyi-9 kuNcwaba 1945, kwaphonswa ibhomu lesibili le-athomu eNagasaki. Leli bhomu, elalibizwa ngokuthi "Fat Man," lalinomklamo ohlukile. Inhloso yokuqala kwakuyidolobha laseKokura, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi nokubonakala okubi, izindiza zamabhomu ze-B-29 zaphendukela eNagasaki.
Ukuqhuma eNagasaki nakho kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu, yize indawo yedolobha—eyakhiwa izigodi namagquma—yenza umthelela ube mncane kakhulu kunakwezinye izindawo zaseHiroshima. Kodwa-ke, lo mthelela omncane awuzange uyinciphise le nhlekelele. Izinkulungwane zafa ngokushesha, kanti amashumi ezinkulungwane zathola ukulimala okukhulu. NjengaseHiroshima, abalimele baqhubeka nokwehla ngemva kwalokho ngenxa yemisebe nezinkinga zempilo.
Imiphumela Yokushiswa Kwemisebe: Izibazi Ezihlala Isikhathi Eside
Okuhlukanisa amabhomu e-athomu namabhomu avamile akugcini nje ngamandla awo okuqhuma, kodwa futhi nemisebe ye-ionizing abayikhiphayo. Abaningi abasindile ekuqhumeni kokuqala kamuva babhekana nezimpawu ababengaziqondi ngaleso sikhathi: isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukopha, ukulahleka kwezinwele, umkhuhlane omkhulu, kanye nesistimu yomzimba yokuzivikela ebuthaka. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukugula kwemisebe okubangelwa yi-acute.
Esikhathini eside, abasindile—abaziwa eJapane ngokuthi i-hibakusha—babhekene nengozi enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza, i-leukemia, nezinye izinkinga zempilo. Abaningi babhekana nezinkinga zengqondo: ukuhlukumezeka, ukucindezeleka, kanye nosizi olujulile ngenxa yokulahlekelwa umndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hibakusha ivame ukubhekana nokubandlululwa komphakathi, njengobunzima bokuthola umsebenzi noma abalingani, ngenxa yesihlamba sokuthi “bangcolile” noma bazozala izingane ezigulayo.
Ukuzinikela kweJapan kanye nokuphela kweMpi
Ngemva kokuba amabhomu amabili ephonswe phansi, isimo saseJapane saba sibi kakhulu. Ngo-Agasti 15, 1945, uMbusi uHirohito wethula inkulumo ememezela ukwamukelwa kweJapane kweSimemezelo sasePotsdam kanye nokuzinikela. Ukuzinikela okusemthethweni kwasayinwa ngoSepthemba 2, 1945, okwaqeda iMpi Yezwe II.
Nokho, ezingxoxweni zomlando, izizathu zokuzinikela kweJapane zisaphikiswana ngazo. Ngaphandle kokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-athomu, ezinye izici, njengokuhlasela kweSoviet Union indawo ephethwe yiJapan, nazo zaba nengcindezi enkulu. Noma kunjalo, akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu enuzi kwaletha ukushaqeka okukhulu kwengqondo nokuhlelekile.
Izinkumbulo, Izifundo, kanye Nezixwayiso Zomhlaba
IHiroshima neNagasaki akuzona nje izikhumbuzo zomlando, kodwa futhi ziyizimpawu zezingozi zezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu. Kuwo womabili amadolobha, kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo, iminyuziyamu, namapaki ezikhumbuzo ukuze kukhunjulwe izisulu futhi kufundiswe izizukulwane ezizayo. Njalo ngonyaka, kuba nemikhosi yokukhumbula ukukhumbula ukuthi impi ingaqeda kanjani isintu ngokuphazima kweso.
Le nhlekelele yaphinde yakhuthaza ukunyakaza komhlaba wonke kokunciphisa izikhali zenuzi. Umhlaba waqaphela ukuthi uma izikhali ezinjalo zisetshenziswa kabanzi, umonakalo ngeke uthinte idolobha elilodwa noma amabili kuphela kodwa ungasongela ukusinda kwempucuko. Naphezu kwalokhu, amazwe amaningi asenazo izikhali zenuzi, okwenza iHiroshima neNagasaki kube yisikhumbuzo esifanele sezingozi zezingxabano ezinkulu.
I-Penutup
Izehlakalo ezibuhlungu zokuqhuma kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki zaba yinguquko emlandweni, okubonisa ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokuzithiba kokuziphatha ingaholela enhlekeleleni engacabangeki. Ngemizuzwana embalwa, kwalahleka amashumi ezinkulungwane zezimpilo; amashumi eminyaka, labo abasala babekezelela amanxeba angokomzimba nangokomzwelo. Ukukhumbula le nhlekelele akusho ukuhlala ucabanga ngesikhathi esidlule, kodwa kunalokho ukufunda kuyo ukuze ikusasa lingaphindi amaphutha afanayo. IHiroshima neNagasaki zisifundisa ukuthi ukuthula akuyona nje ukukhetha kwezepolitiki kodwa kuyisidingo sobuntu.
