Impi yaseVietnam kanye nomthelela wayo eMelika
IMpi yaseVietnam, eyathatha kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku-1975, yayingenye yezingxabano eziphikisana kakhulu nezilandelanayo emlandweni wase-United States. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili, impi yavivinya ukuzimisela nenqubomgomo yaseMelika, yashintsha isimo sezenhlalo nezepolitiki sasekhaya, futhi yashiya umthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseMelika.
Ingemuva yeMpi yaseVietnam
Impi yaseVietnam yaqala njengengxabano yendawo phakathi kukahulumeni wobukhomanisi eNyakatho, oholwa nguHo Chi Minh, kanye nohulumeni waseNingizimu, osekelwa yi-United States. Ekuqaleni, i-United States yayinikeza usizo lwezempi kanye nolwezomnotho kuphela ukusekela iRiphabhulikhi yaseVietnam (eNingizimu Vietnam). Kodwa-ke, ngethonya elikhulayo lamakhomanisi eNyakatho kanye nokukhathazeka ngomphumela we-domino, lapho ukuwa kwezwe elilodwa kubukomanisi kungaholela ekuweni kwamazwe angomakhelwane, i-United States yandisa ukubandakanyeka kwayo esenzweni sezempi esigcwele.
Ukungenelela kweMelika kwaqala ngokusemthethweni ngesigameko saseGulf of Tonkin ngo-1964, esabangela ukwanda kwempi. Ngesikhathi ibambe iqhaza elikhulu, amabutho aseMelika angaphezu kuka-500.000 ayeseVietnam. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwamandla ayo amakhulu empi, amaMelika abhekana nobunzima obukhulu ekulweni namavukelambuso aseViet Cong kanye neButho laseNyakatho Vietnam elinolwazi oluhle futhi elinogqozi olukhulu.
Umthelela Wezenhlalo e-United States
Impi yaseVietnam yadala uqhekeko olukhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Ekuqaleni, abantu baseMelika abaningi basekela ukubandakanyeka kwezempi njengengxenye yomzamo womhlaba wonke wokulwa nobukhomanisi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kusekelwa kwaqala ukuwohloka ngezizathu ezahlukene.
Okokuqala, abezindaba badlale indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umbono womphakathi. Okokuqala emlandweni, impi yasakazwa bukhoma emakamelweni okuhlala abantu baseMelika kuthelevishini. Izithombe ezinonya zempi, ukulimala kwabantu abavamile, kanye nokubhujiswa kwaqala ukushintsha imibono yomphakathi ngokufaneleka kwempi.
Okwesibili, izinga eliphezulu labashonile kanye nohlelo lokubuthwa kwavusa imibhikisho esakazekile ezweni lonke. Intsha eningi yaseMelika yaphoqeleka ukuba ilwe empini ababengakholelwa kuyo noma ababengayiqondi ngokugcwele. Inhlangano yokulwa nempi yaqala ukukhula, iholwa ngabafundi, izishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nabaholi bomphakathi. Imibhikisho emikhulu, njengombhikisho ka-1969 eWashington, D.C., owadonsa amakhulu ezinkulungwane, yabonisa ukunganeliseki kwabantu ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni.
Okwesithathu, izinkinga zobuhlanga zenze isimo saba sibi nakakhulu. Nakuba abantu abamnyama baseMelika babemele cishe u-10% wabantu, babemele cishe u-30% walabo abaqokwa. Lokhu kwadala ukungalingani futhi kwabhebhethekisa ukungezwani ngokobuhlanga e-United States.
Imiphumela Yezepolitiki Nezomnotho
Kwezepolitiki, iMpi yaseVietnam yaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezombusazwe zaseMelika. Ukunqotshwa eVietnam kwalimaza kakhulu ukwethembeka kukahulumeni waseMelika kanye nezempi. Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kubaholi bezepolitiki kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni kwehla kakhulu. Ihlazo laseWatergate elihilela uMongameli uNixon landisa kakhulu le nkinga yokuthembana, okwaholela ekusuleni kwakhe esikhundleni ngo-1974.
Ngokomnotho, izindleko ezinkulu zempi nazo zabeka umthwalo. IMelika yachitha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-168 ekuxhaseni ngezimali zempi, okulingana nemali engaphezu kwe-1 trillion yamaRandi namuhla. Lokhu kusebenzisa imali kwaba negalelo ekusweleni kwesabelomali kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu ngawo-1970. Izinsiza ezazingabekwa ekuthuthukisweni kwasekhaya zathathwa zayiswa ezimpini ezikude nekhaya.
Umthelela KwabaseMpi Bezempi
Umthelela osheshayo weMpi yaseVietnam wabonakala kuma-veteran abuyela emakhaya. Amasosha abuyayo ayevame ukuba nzima ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila kwabantu abavamile. Amaningi ahlushwa yisifo sokucindezeleka ngemva kwenhlekelele (PTSD), ukulimala ngokomzimba, kanye nezinye izinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Ngeshwa, ngaleso sikhathi, ukuqwashisa nokusekelwa kwempilo yengqondo kwakungaphakeme njengoba kunjalo namuhla, ngakho-ke ama-veteran amaningi awazange athole ukwelashwa okwanele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha aseVietnam ayevame ukuntula ukuqashelwa kanye nenhlonipho ayeyifanele ngenkonzo yawo. Kunalokho, ayevame ukubhekana nokubandlululwa kanye nokwenqatshwa ngumphakathi ophikisana kakhulu nempi. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwakungafani nokwamasosha aseMpi Yezwe II abuyela emakhaya njengamaqhawe.
Ukuzindla ngamasiko kanye nabezindaba
Umthelela wamasiko weMpi yaseVietnam nawo wawubalulekile. Imisebenzi eminingi yezincwadi, amafilimu, nomculo yavela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwempi. Amafilimu afana ne-"Apocalypse Now," "Platoon," kanye ne-"Full Metal Jacket" abonisa unya lwempi kanye nomthelela wayo emasosheni nasemphakathini. Umculo uphinde wasebenza njengendlela yokubhikisha nokucabanga, kanye nezingoma eziphikisana nempi zabaculi abanjengoBob Dylan kanye neCreedence Clearwater Revival bedlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umbono womphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMpi yaseVietnam yavusa impikiswano ende mayelana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika. Abaningi baqala ukungabaza ukuhlakanipha kokungenelela kwezempi yaseMelika emazweni angaphandle, futhi abaningi basekela izindlela zezombusazwe, ezingezona ezempi.
Isiphetho
Impi yaseVietnam yayiyisahluko esimnyama emlandweni waseMelika. Le ngxabano yayingeyona nje indaba yokulwa empini, kodwa futhi yayimayelana nokulwa kokuziphatha ekhaya. Yayibonisa isizwe esasilwela ukuqonda ukuthi singobani, inqubomgomo yaso yangaphandle, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni waso nabantu baso.
Ngokombono wezempi, impi yabonisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezibalo akuhlali kunquma ukunqoba, ikakhulukazi ezingxabanweni ezihilela impi yamavukela-mbuso kanye nokumelana kwabantu. Ngokombono wezenhlalo kanye nezepolitiki, iMpi yaseVietnam yagcizelela ukubaluleka kokucaca, ukuziphendulela, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezisekelwe ebuntwini nasebulungiseni.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amane ngemva kokuphela kwempi, umthelela wayo usazwakala kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela enkambisweni yezangaphandle kuya emasikweni athandwayo. Izifundo zeMpi yaseVietnam zisabalulekile futhi kubalulekile ukuzikhumbula ukuze kuvinjelwe amaphutha afanayo ukuthi angaphindwa esikhathini esizayo.
