Impi Yombango YaseMelika Nemiphumela Yayo
IMpi Yombango yaseMelika, eyalwiwa phakathi kuka-1861 no-1865, yayingenye yezingxabano ezijulile nezibalulekile emlandweni wase-United States. Iqhutshwa ukungafani phakathi kwezifundazwe zaseNyakatho nezaseNingizimu, ikakhulukazi ngobugqila, intela, kanye namalungelo ezifundazwe, impi yashiya umthelela omkhulu esakhiweni sezenhlalo, sezomnotho, nesezepolitiki sase-United States. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izimbangela, inkambo, kanye nomthelela wempi.
Ingemuva Lempi
Imbangela eyinhloko yeMpi Yombango kwakuwukwehluka kwemibono kanye nezomnotho phakathi kwezifundazwe zaseNyakatho nezaseNingizimu. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Confederacy, zazithembele kakhulu emnothweni wezolimo osekelwa ubugqila. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundazwe zaseNyakatho, noma i-Union, zazithembele kakhulu embonini kanye nomnotho othuthukayo ngamalungelo abantu.
Ukungezwani kwaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokwanda kwe-United States ngasentshonalanga. Umbuzo wokuthi lezi zindawo ezintsha zingavumela yini ubugqila waba yinkinga ebalulekile. I-Missouri Conpromise ka-1820 kanye ne-Compromise ka-1850 kwakuhlose ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi kwezizwe ezigqila nezikhululekile. Kodwa-ke, ukunganeliseki kwaqhubeka nokukhula, futhi ngokukhethwa kuka-Abraham Lincoln, umRiphabliki owayephikisana nokwanda kobugqila, njengoMongameli ngo-1860, izifundazwe zaseningizimu zaqala ukuhlukana ne-Union futhi zakha i-Confederacy.
Inkambo Yempi
Impi Yombango yaqala ngo-Ephreli 1861 lapho amabutho e-Confederate ehlasela iFort Sumter eSouth Carolina. Zombili izinhlangothi ekuqaleni zazilindele ukuthi impi iphele ngokushesha, kodwa iqiniso lalihluke kakhulu.
Izigaba Zokuqala (1861-1862): Ekuqaleni kwempi, i-Confederacy yathola ukunqoba okuningana okubalulekile, ikakhulukazi iMpi Yokuqala Neyesibili Yokubaleka Kwenkunzi (iManassas). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Union yanqotshwa ngendlela ehlazisayo kodwa ngokushesha yaqinisa ukuhlela kwayo kabusha kwezempi.
Isigaba Esiphakathi (1863-1864): Unyaka ka-1863 wawuyingqophamlando eMpini Yombango. Impi yaseGettysburg (Julayi 1-3) yaphawula ukunqotshwa okukhulu kwamabutho e-Confederate ngaphansi kukaJenene Robert E. Lee. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uJenene we-Union u-Ulysses S. Grant wanqoba iMpi yaseVicksburg, eyanika i-Union ukulawula uMfula iMississippi futhi yahlukanisa i-Confederacy kabili.
Isigaba Sokugcina (1864-1865): Iminyaka yokugcina yempi yabona iNyunyana isebenzisa isu "lempi ephelele". UJenene William T. Sherman wahola umkhankaso kaSherman wokuya olwandle, owabhubhisa ingqalasizinda ebalulekile yamaConfederate futhi wonakalisa isimilo. UJenene Grant waqhubeka nokucindezela amabutho kaLee eVirginia.
Ngo-Ephreli 9, 1865, uJenene Lee wazinikela kuJenene Grant e-Appomattox Court House eVirginia, okwaphawula ukuphela kwempi. Kungakapheli nesonto, uMongameli uLincoln wabulawa nguJohn Wilkes Booth, okwanezela enhlekeleleni yokuphela kwempi.
Umthelela Wempi Yombango
Ezenhlalo: Impi Yombango yabulala abantu ababalelwa ku-620.000 kuya ku-750.000, kanti abaningi balahlekelwa yimpilo yabo yonke. Impi yaqeda ubugqila e-United States ngokwamukelwa kweSichibiyelo se-13 ngo-1865. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokuphela okusemthethweni kobugqila, ukucwaswa ngokohlanga kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu.
Umnotho: Umnotho waseNingizimu wabhujiswa ngokuphelele yimpi. Naphezu komonakalo ongokoqobo owabangelwa yimpi kanye nokuqedwa kobugqila, uhlelo lwezolimo olwaluwumgogodla womnotho waseNingizimu lwathatha isikhathi eside ukululama. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iMpi Yombango yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni eNyakatho futhi yaqinisa ubungxowankulu njengohlelo lwezomnotho olubusayo eMelika.
Ezombusazwe: Impi yashintsha kakhulu ubudlelwano phakathi kohulumeni besifundazwe kanye nohulumeni bezifundazwe. Uhulumeni ophakathi waba namandla amakhulu okungenelela ezindabeni zesifundazwe. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukwamukelwa kweSichibiyelo se-14 nese-15, esanikeza amalungelo okuba yisakhamuzi kanye nokuvota kwababeyizigqila zesilisa, kanye nemithetho ehlukahlukene ehlose ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.
Ukwakhiwa Kabusha: Isikhathi Sokwakhiwa Kabusha (1865–1877) esalandela iMpi Yombango saphawulwa yimizamo yokwakha kabusha izifundazwe zaseNingizimu ezazibhujisiwe nokuhlanganisa abantu baseMelika abasanda kukhululwa emphakathini waseMelika. Nakuba kwenziwa intuthuko ethile phakathi nalesi sikhathi, eminingi yale mizamo yagcina ivinjiwe ukwanda kokubusa kwabamhlophe kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano, njengeKu Klux Klan, ezazikhuthaza ubudlova kanye nokwesabisa abantu abamnyama kanye nabasekeli babo.
Isiko: Impi Yombango nayo ishiye umthelela omkhulu ezicini ezahlukene zesiko laseMelika, okuhlanganisa izincwadi, umculo, kanye nobuciko. Abalobi abaningi, izimbongi, kanye nabaculi bagcina okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemicimbi yempi emisebenzini yabo. Izingoma ezifana ne-"Battle Hymn of the Republic" kanye ne-"Dixie" zaba izimpawu zomzabalazo kanye nobunikazi besifunda ezisasebenza nanamuhla.
Isiphetho
Impi Yombango YaseMelika kwakungeyona nje ingxabano enkulu yezempi eyanquma isiphetho se-United States kodwa futhi kwakuyisenzakalo esaqondisa kabusha ukuzibophezela kwesizwe ezimisweni zenkululeko nokulingana. Umthelela wempi wazwakala kakhulu izizukulwane ngezizukulwane futhi usasebenza nanamuhla. Noma kunjalo, umoya wokubuyisana nentuthuko eyavela ngemva kwempi uwubufakazi bokuqina kwesizwe esikwazi ukunqoba ukuhlukana okujulile nokulwela ukudala ikusasa elinobulungiswa nelihlangene kakhudlwana.
