Impi YaseMelika Yokuzimela kanye Nezibalo Zayo
IMpi Yokuzimela YaseMelika, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMpi Yezinguquko YaseMelika, yaqhubeka kusukela ngo-1775 kuya ku-1783 futhi yaphawula isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni womhlaba. Impi yabona amakoloni aseMelika ayi-13 elwela inkululeko ekubusweni yiBrithani. Lo mzabalazo wagcina uholele ekwakhiweni kwe-United States njengoba siyazi namuhla. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngempi ngokuningiliziwe futhi sethule abanye babantu ababalulekile abadlale indima ekufinyeleleni inkululeko.
Ingemuva leMpi Yokuzimela
Umlando omude wobukoloni baseBrithani eNyakatho Melika waba yisisekelo esikhulu seMpi Yokuzimela yaseMelika. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, amakoloni ahlukahlukene aseBrithani asungulwa ogwini olusempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Naphezu kwezizinda ezahlukahlukene kanye nezintshisekelo zenhlalo nezomnotho zezakhamuzi zala makoloni, into eyodwa eyabahlanganisa kwaba ukunganeliseki ngalokho ababekubona njengezinqubomgomo zaseBrithani ezicindezelayo nezixhaphazayo.
Ukungezwani phakathi kwamakoloni kanye neBritish Crown kwaqala ukwanda kakhulu ngemva kwemicimbi eyaziwa ngokuthi iBoston Tea Party ngo-1773. Lesi sigameko, lapho amakoloni alahla khona itiye laseBrithani eBoston Harbor ephikisana nentela yetiye, saphawula umvuthwandaba wezenzo eziningi zokumelana kwamakoloni nenqubomgomo yentela ngaphandle kokumelwa.
Ukwakhiwa kweCongress yaseContinental
NgoSepthemba 5, 1774, izithunywa ezivela emakoloni ayi-12 (iGeorgia yayingamelwe) zahlangana eNgqungqutheleni Yokuqala YaseContinental ePhiladelphia. Inhloso eyinhloko yalo mhlangano kwakuwukuthuthukisa isu lokulwa nezenzo zokucindezela zikahulumeni waseBrithani. Kule Ngqungquthela, izithunywa zavuma ukungayinaki izimpahla zaseBrithani futhi zafuna amalungelo amakhulu amakoloni.
Impendulo eqatha yaseBrithani kulezi zimfuno, okuhlanganisa nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezahlukene zokucindezela ezaziwa ngokuthi “Izenzo Zokungabekezeleli,” yenza isimo saba sibi nakakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngo-Ephreli 1775, kwaqubuka izingxabano eLexington naseConcord, okwaphawula ukuqala kweMpi Yokuzimela.
Izibalo Ezibalulekile Empini Yokuzimela YaseMelika
Le mpi ayizange iphawulwe nje kuphela ngesenzo sezempi, kodwa futhi nangezinqubomgomo zobuhlakani zezombusazwe kanye nobuholi obunombono babantu abaningi abavelele. Nazi ezinye zezikhulu ezibalulekile eMpini Yokuzimela yaseMelika:
1. UGeorge Washington
UGeorge Washington wayengomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu eMpini Yokuzimela yaseMelika. Ngaphambi kwempi, uWashington wayesevele ezakhele idumela lakhe njengomholi wezempi ngenxa yesipiliyoni sakhe eMpini yaseFrance neyaseNdiya. Ngo-1775, waqokwa njengoMkhuzi-Jikelele weButho Lase-Continental yi-Second Continental Congress. Ubuholi bakhe obuhlakaniphile nobunobungane badlala indima enkulu ekuhlanganiseni nasekukhuthazeni ibutho elalivame ukuswela izimpahla nokuqeqeshwa. UWashington wayaziwa nangesu lakhe elihlakaniphile, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaselwa okuzumayo eTrenton kanye nokunqoba okuwumnqamulajuqu eSiege of Yorktown, okwaphawula ukuphela kwempi.
2. UThomas Jefferson
Eyaziwa njengombhali oyinhloko we-American Declaration of Independence, uThomas Jefferson wayengomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu abangongqondongqondo benguquko. I-Declaration of Independence, eyasayinwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776, yasungula izimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko namalungelo abantu ezaba yisisekelo sesizwe esisha. Imibono kaJefferson, egcizelela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye namalungelo abantu emvelo, yathonya abaningi futhi yaba isiqondiso sokuziphatha kwabalweli benkululeko.
3. UBenjamin Franklin
UBenjamin Franklin wayeyisazi sezombusazwe esinekhono esadlala indima ebalulekile ekutholeni ukwesekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yesizathu saseMelika. Umsebenzi wakhe eFrance wawubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuncengeni uhulumeni waseFrance ukuthi anikeze usizo lwezempi nolwezezimali. Isazi sezombusazwe sikaFranklin saphumelela ekuncengeni iFrance ukuba ingene empini ohlangothini lweMelika ngo-1778, isinyathelo esaqinisa kakhulu isikhundla sezempi samakoloni futhi sasheshisa ukunqoba.
4. UJohn Adams
Njengommeli kanye nesazi sezombusazwe, uJohn Adams wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuqalisweni nasekuhlelweni kweNguquko. U-Adams wayengomunye wabameli abakhuluma kakhulu benkululeko evela eBrithani futhi wadlala indima enkulu ekubhaleni nasekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano ezibalulekile. Wayengomunye wamadoda amahlanu aqokwa ukuba abhale iSimemezelo Sokuzimela.
5. UMarquis de Lafayette
ULafayette wayeyisikhulu saseFrance esajoyina ngentshiseko udaba lwaseMelika esemncane. Ukwethembeka kwakhe kanye nekhono lakhe njengomkhuzi wezempi kwakubaluleke kakhulu eButhweni Lase-Continental. Ithonya lakhe lasiza nasekuthambiseni isimo sengqondo esibi sabanye abantu abavelele eFrance mayelana neNguquko yaseMelika.
6. U-Alexander Hamilton
Njengomunye wababusi abasebasha kakhulu bamakoloni abake bakhonza, u-Alexander Hamilton waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengombhali kanye nomthonya wombono womphakathi ngaphambi kokujoyina ibutho lempi. UHamilton waba umeluleki oseduze noGeorge Washington futhi wayaziwa ngamasu akhe asebenzayo empini. Ngemva kwempi, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni isakhiwo esisha sezimali sesizwe njengoNobhala wokuqala wezezimali waseMelika.
Isiqongo Nokuphela Kwempi
Esinye sezikhathi ezibalulekile eMpini Yokuzimela yaseMelika kwaba ukuViege of Yorktown ekwindla ka-1781. Ngosizo lwebutho lasolwandle laseFrance, amabutho aseMelika asemhlabeni azungeza ngempumelelo amabutho aseBrithani ayeholwa nguJenene Charles Cornwallis. Ngemva kokulwa okunzima, uCornwallis wagcina ezinikele ngo-Okthoba 1781. Lokhu kunqoba kwaqeda ngempumelelo izimpi ezinkulu zempi.
Ngo-1783, kwasayinwa iSivumelwano saseParis esaqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuzimela kwe-United States futhi samisa imingcele yesizwe esisha.
Umthelela kanye Nefa
IMpi Yokuzimela yaseMelika ayishintshanga nje kuphela isiphetho samakoloni aseBrithani eNyakatho Melika kodwa futhi yaphefumulela nezinhlangano zenkululeko emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso eziqukethwe ku-American Declaration of Independence zazichaza ngokucacile izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu kanye nohulumeni ngokusekelwe emvumeni yababusi, zikhuthaza ezinye izinguquko, okuhlanganisa ne-French Revolution.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungulwa kwe-United States kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha emlandweni womhlaba, lapho imiqondo yentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yaqala ukusatshalaliswa futhi yamukelwa yizizwe eziningi. Izibalo zeMpi Yokuzimela yaseMelika zaba yizibonelo zezizukulwane ezizayo ekulweni nenkululeko nobulungiswa.
Ekugcineni, iMpi Yokuzimela yaseMelika kanye nabaholi bayo basifundisa ukubaluleka kwentshiseko, ukuphikelela, kanye nokugcina izimiso zokuziphatha ekufinyeleleni ukuzimela kanye nokwakha isizwe esinobulungiswa nesikhululekile. Ifa labo liyohlala liyingxenye yendaba yomlando eqinisekisa izindinganiso zabantu.
