Ukubaluleka Kwezimpi Zenkolo Ekuthuthukisweni KweYurophu
AmaMpi AmaKatolika, uchungechunge lwezimpi kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-13 ezenziwa ngamaKristu aseYurophu ezihlose ukubuyisa iZwe Elingcwele kumaSulumane, ziphakathi kwezigameko ezithinta kakhulu emlandweni wezwe laseNtshonalanga nelaseMpumalanga. Nakuba amaMpi AmaKatolika evame ukubonwa ngeso lezingxabano nobudlova, ifa lawo elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweYurophu alinakuphikwa. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi amaMpi AmaKatolika athonya kanjani umnotho, isiko, ezombusazwe kanye nobuchwepheshe baseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi nasesikhathini esizayo.
Isizinda Esingokomlando Sezimpi Zenkolo
Ingxabano yaqala lapho uMbuso waseByzantine, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kumaSeljuk Turks amaSulumane, ufuna usizo kuPapa Urban II. EMkhandlwini waseClermont ngo-1095, uPapa Urban II wanxusa amaKristu aseYurophu ukuba ajoyine “impi engcwele” ukuze aphinde anqobe iJerusalema. Kwaqala kanjalo lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala (1096–1099), kwalandela uchungechunge lweminye imikhankaso yempi eyaqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka amaningana.
Umthelela Wezomnotho
IziMpi Zenkolo zanikeza umfutho omkhulu emnothweni waseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Okokuqala, zadala izimakethe ezintsha zabathengisi baseYurophu. Ukuvulwa kwemizila emisha yokuhweba exhumanisa iYurophu neMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nokuhwebelana ngqo namadolobha afana ne-Acre namachweba aseMedithera kwaholela ekungeneni okusha kwezimpahla eYurophu. Izinongo, usilika, nezinye izimpahla zobukhazikhazi ezalethwa okokuqala yiziMpi Zenkolo kamuva zaba yingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho waseYurophu.
Okwesibili, impi yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zamabhange nezezimali eYurophu. Amasosha kanye namabutho empi ayedinga imali eningi ohambweni lwawo, okwaholela ekuveleni kohlelo lwesikweletu oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amanye amabhange okuqala kanye nezikhungo zezezimali, njengeTemplars, adlala indima ekuhlinzekeni ngezimali zalolu hambo.
Ukuguqulwa Kwezenhlalo Namasiko
Esinye isici esibalulekile seziMpi Zenkolo kwakuwumthelela wazo emphakathini nasemasikweni aseYurophu. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaMpi Enkolo kanye namasiko amaSulumane kwacebisa ulwazi lwabo nokuqonda kwabo. Isikhathi seziMpi Zenkolo saletha inani elikhulu lemibhalo kanye nemisebenzi yesayensi evela ezweni lama-Arabhu eYurophu, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi yefilosofi, izibalo, ezokwelapha kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi eyayilahlekile isikhathi eside ngesiLatini.
Izazi zaseYurophu zaqala ukufunda imibhalo yabacabangi bamaSulumane abanjengo-Averroes no-Avicenna, okwaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwemicabango yezemfundo emanyuvesi aseYurophu. Lokhu kwavuselela futhi isiko lobuhlakani eYurophu elaziwa ngokuthi iNkathi Yezemfundo, futhi kwabeka isisekelo seRenaissance ekhulwini elilandelayo.
Ngokuphathelene nobuciko kanye nokwakha, izitayela zeGothic zaseYurophu kanye nezeRomanesque nazo zacebiswa ngezinto zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ikakhulukazi, ithonya lokwakha kwamaSulumane lingabonakala ekwakhiweni kwamasonto amakhulu kanye nama-cathedral, okubonisa inhlanganisela evumelanayo yamasu nezitayela zaseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga.
Umthelela Wezepolitiki
IziMpi Zenkolo nazo zaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezombusazwe zaseYurophu. Ngokuphambukisa ukunaka kwezikhulu zaseYurophu kusuka ezingxabanweni zangaphakathi kuya emigomweni yangaphandle, iziMpi Zenkolo zanciphisa izingxabano eziningi zasekhaya ezazibuthakatha uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma kanye neminye imibuso yaseYurophu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwesekwa iSonto LamaKatolika elakuthola ngeziMpi Zenkolo kwaqinisa amandla kaPapa futhi kwahlanganisa amaKristu aseYurophu lapho ebhekene nezinsongo zangaphandle. Lokhu kwaba negalelo ekuzizweni okuqinile kobunye phakathi kwezizwe zaseYurophu, noma ngabe lobu bunye ngezinye izikhathi babungobesikhashana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezombusazwe zamakoloni nazo zashintsha lapho kusungulwa amaZwe e-Crusader eLevant, njengoMbuso waseJerusalema kanye neSifunda saseTripoli. Naphezu kokuba khona kwawo isikhathi esifushane, anikeza ukuqonda ngemikhuba yokuphatha neyezepolitiki eyaguqulwa kamuva yimibuso yaseYurophu ekwandiseni kwayo ezindaweni ezintsha.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nobuchwepheshe
IziMpi Zenkolo nazo zasebenza njengesisusa sokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe eYurophu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini zokuvimbezela, njenge-trebuchets kanye ne-ballistae, kanye namasu ezempi avela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kwamukelwa futhi kwathuthukiswa. Ulwazi lobuchwepheshe bezolimo obuthuthukisiwe nalo lwalethwa ekhaya yiziMpi Zenkolo, okwabangela izinguquko emasu okulima kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Crusaders afunda amasu okusebenzisa izinsimbi kanye nokwenza izikhali ezweni lamaSulumane elalithuthukile ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwensimbi nensimbi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yezikhali nezikhali, kwakungenye yemiphumela eqondile yalokhu kuxhumana.
Imiphumela Yenkolo
Akunakungatshazwa ukuthi iziMpi Zenkolo nazo zaba nomthelela omkhulu enkolweni. Ukholo olushisekayo olwakhuthazwa yiziMpi Zenkolo lwadala isimo esikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemiyalelo yezempi yenkolo efana namaTemplars, amaHospitallers, namaTeutons. Lokhu kwasiza ekuhleleni nasekuhleleni amabutho empi ngaphansi kwezimiso zenkolo, kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezempi zanamuhla eYurophu.
Isiphetho
Nakuba iziMpi Zenkolo zivame ukukhunjulwa njengenkathi yezingxabano ezichitha igazi kanye nokunqoba, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nazo zabangela uchungechunge lwentuthuko ebalulekile emlandweni waseYurophu. Kusukela ekwandeni kwezentengiselwano kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho, ekukhuleni kwengqondo namasiko, ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezempi, ekuhlanganisweni kwezepolitiki nezenkolo, umthelela weziMpi Zenkolo wawugcwele cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwaseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ekugcineni, kungashiwo ukuthi iziMpi Zenkolo zabeka isisekelo senkathi yentuthuko yaseYurophu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Renaissance kanye ne-Scientific Revolution. Ifa lalezi zimpi, ezinhle nezimbi, liyaqhubeka nokuthonya umhlaba waseYurophu kuze kube namuhla, futhi ngokungangabazeki linikeza izifundo eziningi ezibalulekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ekuqondeni ubunzima bokuxhumana kwamasiko nezenkolo.
