Ukubaluleka kweCongress of Vienna Emlandweni waseYurophu
ICongress of Vienna, eyabanjwa kusukela ngoSepthemba 1814 kuya kuJuni 1815, yayingomunye wemihlangano ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseYurophu. Iphefumulelwe ukunqotshwa kukaNapoleon Bonaparte, iCongress yayihlose ukudweba kabusha imephu yezepolitiki yaseYurophu nokusungula uhlelo olusha olwaluzovimbela izwekazi ezingxabanweni zesikhathi esizayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukubaluleka kweCongress of Vienna kanye nomthelela wayo ohlala njalo emlandweni waseYurophu.
Isizinda seCongress of Vienna
Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa imiphumela kanye nomthelela weCongress of Vienna, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo womlando ngemuva kwayo. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iYurophu yayinesiphithiphithi ngenxa yeNguquko yaseFrance kanye nezimpi ezaziholwa nguNapoleon Bonaparte. Ngemva kochungechunge lokunqoba kwezempi, uNapoleon wabusa ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi laseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, ukuphikelela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ekugcineni kwaholela ekuvinjelweni kwakhe nasekunqotshweni kwakhe ekugcineni. IMpi Yobumbano Lwesithupha yaqeda ukubusa kukaNapoleon eYurophu ngo-1814, futhi abaholi baseYurophu basheshe baqaphela isidingo senkundla yokuxoxa ngendlela yokwakha kabusha nokudala ukuzinza okuhlala njalo.
Izinhloso Eziyinhloko ZeCongress of Vienna
Abaholi baseYurophu ababebuthene eVienna babengahlosile nje ukubuyisela imingcele yezwe ezimweni ababezizo ngaphambi koguquko kanye neziMpi zikaNapoleon. Bafuna nokudala umyalo ozovimbela iYurophu ukuthi ibhekane nezingxabano ezinkulu esikhathini esizayo. Eminye yemigomo eyinhloko yeCongress of Vienna yayihlanganisa:
1. Ukubuyiselwa koBukhosi: Ukubuyiselwa kobukhosi basebukhosini obagumbuqelwa ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseFrance kanye nenkathi kaNapoleon.
2. Ukusungula Ibhalansi Yamandla: Ukusungula imingcele yezwe ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho lizwe elilodwa elinamandla anele okusongela ukuzinza kweYurophu.
3. Ukuba semthethweni: Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo obukhosi njengohulumeni osemthethweni ngokuqinisa umqondo wokuba semthethweni.
4. UbuConservatism: Ukwenqatshwa koguquko kanye nemibono ebhekwa njengeyamandla yizicukuthwane ezibusayo zaseYurophu.
Abahlanganyeli kanye nabaholi beCongress
ICongress yaseVienna yayihanjelwe ngabameleli abavela cishe kuwo wonke amazwe amakhulu aseYurophu, abanye babo abadlale indima ebalulekile ezingxoxweni. Abantu ababalulekile bahlanganisa:
– UKlemens von Metternich wase-Austria, owaziwa njengomklami oyinhloko we-oda elisha laseYurophu eligcina imithetho.
– UCharles Maurice de Talleyrand waseFrance, owathi, naphezu kokunqotshwa kwezwe lakhe, wakwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile kwezobunhloli.
– u-Alexander I waseRussia, owayenezifiso ezinkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu.
– URobert Stewart, uViscount Castlereagh waseGreat Britain, owagxila ekulinganiseni kwamandla nokuvimbela ukubusa okukodwa eYurophu.
– UKarl August von Hardenberg wasePrussia, owasebenzisa ingqungquthela ukwandisa ithonya lasePrussia.
Imiphumela yeCongress
ICongress of Vienna ikhiphe izinqumo ezibalulekile eziningana ezashintsha imephu yezepolitiki yaseYurophu. Nazi ezinye zezinguquko ezinkulu nezivumelwano ezavela kule ngqungquthela:
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezifunda
– INetherlands: Kuhlanganiswe neBelgium ukwakha i-United Kingdom yaseNetherlands, okuhloswe ngayo ukudala umbuso oqinile ovikelayo enyakatho yeFrance.
– IJalimane: Kwasungulwa iNhlangano YaseJalimane, eyakhiwa amazwe azimele angu-39 ngaphansi kobuholi be-Austria, njengombuso ozothatha indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma Ongcwele owaqedwa nguNapoleon ngo-1806.
– I-Italy: I-Italy yaqhubeka ihlukaniswe yaba imibuso emincane eminingana, kodwa ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile njengeVenice neLombardy zanikezwa i-Austria.
– INorway neSweden: La mazwe amabili ahlangene ngaphansi kombuso owodwa ofanayo.
– IPoland: Kwasungulwa uMbuso wasePoland (iCongress Poland), owawusebunyeni bomuntu siqu neRussia.
Ibhalansi Yamandla
ICongress of Vienna yalwela ukudala ibhalansi yamandla eyayizogcina ukuthula eYurophu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izifundazwe eziningana zaqiniswa futhi imingcele yezizwe yadwetshwa kabusha ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yiliphi izwe elilodwa ukuthi lingabuse ngokweqile. Isibonelo:
– IGreat Britain yathola amakoloni amaningana abalulekile ngaphandle kweYurophu, okuqinisa isikhundla sayo njengamandla amakhulu olwandle.
– I-Austria ayigcinanga nje ngokuthola indawo e-Italy kodwa futhi yaqinisa isikhundla sayo sokubusa eYurophu Ephakathi.
– IPrussia yathola indawo ethile entshonalanga eduze neFrance, ngomzamo wokuvimbela ukwanda kweFrance esikhathini esizayo.
Izivumelwano kanye nezingqungquthela
ICongress of Vienna nayo yasayina izivumelwano eziningana zokubambisana ukuze isekele lo myalelo omusha, esinye sazo okwakuyi-Holy Alliance phakathi kwe-Austria, iRussia, nePrussia, eyayihloselwe ukulwa nemibono yokuguqula nokusekela ubukhosi.
Umthelela Wesikhathi Eside
ICongress of Vienna ishiye ifa elijulile nelihlala njalo emlandweni waseYurophu. Nakuba izinqumo zayo eziningi zazisekelwe ezimisweni zokulondoloza kanye nokubuyiselwa kobukhosi, ezinye izici zeCongress zisabalulekile futhi ziye zakha inkambo yentuthuko yakamuva eYurophu.
Ukuzinza Nokuthula
Omunye wemiphumela emikhulu yeCongress of Vienna kwaba ukudalwa kwesikhathi sokuthula okulinganiselwe eYurophu esaziwa ngokuthi “iNkathi kaMetternich” noma “iPax Britannica,” esaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho kugqashuka iMpi YaseCrimea ngo-1853. Nakuba kwakukhona izingxabano ezincane, azikho izimpi ezinkulu ezazihilela amandla amaningana amakhulu aseYurophu ezenzeka phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Ubuzwe kanye neNguquko
Kodwa-ke, indlela yokugcina izinto ngendlela ehlelekile nevuselelayo yeCongress of Vienna nayo yahlwanyela imbewu yokunganeliseki okwagcina kubangele igagasi lokuvukela umbuso. Izifiso zobuzwe nezenkululeko ezazinganakwa yiCongress zaphinde zavela kuziNguquko zango-1830 nango-1848 kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Umqondo Wokulinganisela Amandla
Ukulinganisela komqondo wamandla okwakhuthazwa yiCongress of Vienna kwaba yisisekelo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseYurophu kulo lonke ikhulu le-19. Kwasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuvela kombuso owodwa ophetheyo ongabangela ingxabano enkulu.
Ukwakheka kweMelika Entsha
Ukunganeliseki ngomyalo waseVienna nakho kwaba negalelo ekuhlanganiseni i-Italy neJalimane engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Nakuba ingqungquthela yazama ukugcina ukuhlukana, intshiseko yobuzwe ekugcineni yavuselela inhlangano yokuhlanganisa eyakha ngempumelelo uMbuso wase-Italy nowaseJalimane.
Isiphetho
ICongress of Vienna yayingenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseYurophu. Nakuba izinqumo zayo eziningi zazisekelwe ezimisweni zokulondoloza kanye nesifiso sokubuyisela uhlelo oludala, iCongress yaphumelela ekusunguleni isikhathi sokuzinza okulinganiselwe esathatha cishe iminyaka engama-40. Kodwa-ke, ukunganeliseki ngezivumelwano ezalandela nakho kwabangela igagasi lezinguquko kanye noshintsho lwezepolitiki engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Ifa leCongress of Vienna lisabalulekile futhi libumbe izici eziningi zomlando wanamuhla waseYurophu.
