Incazelo kanye nomlando ngemuva kwengoma yesizwe yaseMelika
Ingoma yesizwe yase-United States, ethi "The Star-Spangled Banner," ingaphezu nje kwengoma yomkhosi ehlatshelelwa ngaphambi kwemicimbi yezemidlalo noma ngesikhathi semikhosi kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwamavesi ayo enkondlo kanye nomculo wokudelela kukhona indaba edalwe yimpi, ukukhathazeka, ithemba, kanye nokwakheka kobunikazi besizwe saseMelika. Ukuqonda incazelo nomlando wengoma kusho ukulandelela isikhathi lapho isizwe esisha sabeka khona izimpawu zaso—ikakhulukazi ifulege—njengophawu lokuqhubeka kwaso siphila.
Indawo Yomlando: Impi ka-1812 kanye Nosongo EMelika
Ukuze siqonde imvelaphi ye-"The Star-Spangled Banner," sidinga ukubuyela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi iMpi ka-1812 phakathi kwe-United States ne-Great Britain. Impi yabangelwa yizici eziningana: ukungezwani kwezohwebo, udaba lokuphoqelelwa kweBrithani, kanye nezingxabano zemingcele ezazihilela namaNdiya aseMelika. Lapho impi iqala, iMelika yayiseyisizwe esincane futhi ingakazinzi ngokugcwele kwezepolitiki nakwezempi.
Ngo-1814, amaNgisi aqala umkhankaso omkhulu esifundeni saseChesapeake. Ashisa iWashington, D.C., okuhlanganisa neWhite House kanye neCapitol, okuwuphawu oluhlazisa iMelika. Ngemva kwalokho, inhloso enkulu elandelayo kwakuyiBaltimore, idolobha elibalulekile lechweba kanye nesikhungo somsebenzi wezomnotho. Emlonyeni wechweba laseBaltimore kwakumi iFort McHenry, inqaba ebalulekile ekuvikeleni kwedolobha. Uma inqaba iwela, iBaltimore yayizodalulwa.
UFrancis Scott Key kanye nobusuku eFort McHenry
Umuntu oyinhloko ekudalweni kwamagama engoma yesizwe kwakunguFrancis Scott Key, ummeli waseMaryland kanye nembongi engumlandeli. NgoSepthemba 1814, uKey wagibela umkhumbi owawuya emikhunjini yaseBrithani, hhayi empini, kodwa ezingxoxweni. Wafuna ukuvikela ukukhululwa kukadokotela waseMelika, uWilliam Beanes, owayebanjwe yiBrithani. Izingxoxo zaqhubeka, futhi abaseBrithani bavuma ukukhulula uBeanes. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi uKey nabangane bakhe babezwile ngokuhlaselwa kweBrithani eBaltimore okwakuhleliwe, abavunyelwanga ukubuya kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi wezempi usuphelile.
Ubusuku bukaSepthemba 13-14, 1814, baba yisikhathi esibalulekile. UKey wabuka esemkhumbini omkhulu waseBrithani owawuhlasela iFort McHenry. Kwaphela amahora angaba ngu-25, kwana izibhamu namarokhethi enqabeni. Ebumnyameni nasemvuleni, uKey wayengakwazi ukubona kahle ukuthi inqaba isabambekile yini. Wayengabheki nje kuphela isimo senqaba kodwa futhi nophawu: ifulege elikhulu laseMelika elalivame ukundiza phezu kweFort McHenry.
Njengoba kwaqala ukuntwela kokusa, inkungu yaqala ukucaca. Ekugcineni uKey wabona ifulege lisandiza. Umbono waba uphawu lokunqoba okukhulu—hhayi ngoba impi yaphela ngokushesha, kodwa ngoba inqaba yayinganikelanga. IBaltimore yasindiswa, futhi isimilo saseMelika sakhuliswa. Kwakungenxa yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo lapho uKey abhala khona inkondlo eyayizoba amagama engoma yesizwe.
Kusukela Enkondlweni Kuya Engomeni: “Ukuvikelwa Kwenqaba M’Henry”
UKey wabhala inkondlo yakhe ethi, “Ukuzivikela kweNqaba uHenry.” Le nkondlo ichaza ukucindezeleka kobusuku bokuhlaselwa, ukukhanya kwamarokhethi esibhakabhakeni, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, futhi ikakhulukazi ukukhululeka kokubona ifulege laseMelika lisabonakala ekuseni. Umugqa wayo wokuqala odumile—“O sho ukuthi ungabona, ngokukhanya kokusa…”—uqala indaba emema umfundi (kanye nomlaleli kamuva) ukuba acabange ngokusa ngemva kobusuku bokuphazamiseka.
Inkondlo kaKey ibe isihambisana nengoma eyayithandwa ngaleso sikhathi, ethi "To Anacreon in Heaven," ingoma yomculo wekilabhu yaseNgilandi wekhulu le-18. Lokhu kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyahlekisa: ingoma ivela emasikweni omculo waseNgilandi, kuyilapho amagama avela ekumelaneni nokuhlasela kweNgilandi. Kodwa-ke, umkhuba "wokuthatha ingoma ejwayelekile" yamagama amasha wawuvamile ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba wenza kwaba lula ukusabalala kwezingoma.
Ngenxa yokuthi umculo wayo uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi, le ngoma inzima kakhulu ukuyicula. Kodwa-ke, le nselele yiyona enezela "ebukhazikhazini" bayo uma idlalwa emicimbini emikhulu.
Incazelo Engokomfanekiso: Fula njengesibonakaliso sokuqina
Incazelo eyinhloko ye-“The Star-Spangled Banner” isekelwe ohlotsheni lwefulegi. Ifulegi okukhulunywa ngalo kwakuyilikhulu elinezinkanyezi ezingu-15 nemivimbo engu-15 (hhayi izinkanyezi ezingu-50 zanamuhla). Lathungwa nguMary Pickersgill nethimba lakhe eBaltimore. Lalilikhulu kakhulu—laklanywa ukuba libonakale kahle likude, kufaka phakathi nemikhumbi echwebeni. Yingakho uKey ayekwazi ukulibona likude ekuseni, futhi ifulegi lasebenza njengobufakazi obubonakalayo bokuthi inqaba ayizange iwe.
Emagameni, ifulege aliyona nje indwangu, kodwa liwuphawu lokusinda kwesizwe. Lapho uKey ebuza, "Ingabe ifulege elinezinkanyezi lisandiza?", empeleni wandisa umbuzo ube yilokhu: "Ingabe leli lizwe lisasinda?" Emongweni weMelika esencane, izimpawu ezinjalo zazisebenza njengenhlaka yokuhlonza ubuzwe.
Kusukela Engomeni Edumile Kuya Engomeni Yesizwe Esemthethweni
Nakuba inkondlo nengoma kwasheshe kwathandwa, iMelika ayizange ikwamukele ngokushesha njengengoma yesizwe esemthethweni. Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iMelika yayisebenzisa izingoma eziningana zothando ngokushintshana, njengethi “Hail, Columbia” kanye nethi “My Country, 'Tis of Thee.” I-“The Star-Spangled Banner” yayivame ukuculwa emicimbini yezempi kanye neyomphakathi, kodwa isimo sayo sasingakaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni.
Ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka lapho le ngoma iqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emicimbini esemthethweni. I-US Navy yayingenye yezikhungo zokuqala ukuyisebenzisa emicimbini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwavela isiko lokucula le ngoma ngaphambi kwemicimbi yezemidlalo—okwandisa ukufinyelela kwayo emphakathini kabanzi.
Ngo-1931, ngemva komkhankaso womphakathi omude kanye nokusekelwa kwezepolitiki, i-United States Congress yaqoka i-“The Star-Spangled Banner” njengengoma yesizwe esemthethweni, kwathi uMengameli uHerbert Hoover wayisayina yaba ngumthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ngoma isibe uphawu lwesizwe ezimweni ezahlukene, kusukela ezikoleni kuya kwezobudlelwano bezombusazwe.
Impikiswano Nokuhumusha Kwanamuhla
Njengophawu lukazwelonke, i-"The Star-Spangled Banner" nayo idale impikiswano. Isihloko esivame ukuxoxwa ngaso yivesi lesithathu, elikhuluma "ngokuqasha kanye nezigqila," abanye abalihumusha ngokuthi lihlobene nomongo wezenhlalo nezepolitiki wangaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa nodaba lobugqila. Nakuba amavesi ngaphandle kwelokuqala engavamile ukuculwa emphakathini, izingxoxo zezemfundo nezenhlalo zigxile ekutheni izindinganiso zengoma ziyavumelana ngokugcwele nezimiso zenkululeko ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa neMelika.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iculo lesizwe laseMelika seliyinkundla yokuziveza kwezepolitiki, isibonelo ngemibhikisho noma izenzo ezithile ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwengoma. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi iculo lesizwe alisebenzi nje kuphela njengomkhuba wobunye kodwa futhi njengendawo yokuxoxisana ngencazelo yobuzwe, ubulungiswa, kanye nobunikazi besizwe.
Isiphetho: Izingoma njengezincwadi eziqoqwe ndawonye zemizwelo
"Ibhena Elinezinkanyezi" lazalwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela: impi yabantu abavamile ababebona futhi bebeka amathemba abo efulegeni eliphephezela elangeni lasekuseni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwazalwa inkondlo kamuva eyaba yingoma echaza ukuqina kwesizwe. Umlando wayo ubonisa indlela umculo ongawuguqula ngayo umcimbi wezempi ube uphawu lwamasiko, nokuthi lolo phawu luqhubeka kanjani nokuhunyushwa kabusha yizizukulwane ezilandelayo.
Ekugcineni, incazelo yengoma yesizwe yaseMelika ayigcini nje ngokunqoba noma impi, kodwa imayelana nokungezwani phakathi kokwesaba nethemba—kanye nombuzo olula oye wavela kusukela ngo-1814: ingabe ifulege lisandiza, futhi kusho ukuthini ukuthi “ukusinda” esizweni?
Uma ungathanda, ngingangeza uhlu lwamaqiniso olusheshayo (umugqa wesikhathi) weMpi ka-1812 kanye nemicimbi yaseFort McHenry, noma ngidale inguqulo yezemfundo kakhulu yalesi sihloko enamanothi omthombo.
