Ukuvela Nokuthuthukiswa KobuBuddha
I-Pengantar
UbuBuddha bungenye yezinkolo ezinkulu emhlabeni, obuvela eNdiya yasendulo, cishe ngekhulu lesi-6 kuya kwelesi-5 BC. Njengoba baziwa ngezimfundiso zabo ngokuhlupheka kanye nendlela eya ekukhanyiselweni, buthonye izigidi zabantu abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene zamasiko nezendawo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuvela kanye nentuthuko yobuBuddha kusukela ezinsukwini zabo zokuqala kuze kube yilapho busakazeka emhlabeni wonke.
Isizinda Sokuvela KobuBuddha
UbuBuddha busekelwe empilweni nasezimfundisweni zikaSiddhartha Gautama, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi uBuddha. USiddhartha Gautama wazalelwa eKapilavastu, umbuso omncane endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iNepal, cishe ngo-563 BC. Wazalelwa emndenini ohloniphekile, indodana yeNkosi uSudhodana neNdlovukazi uMaya. Kubikwa ukuthi isiprofetho sathi uSiddhartha wayezoba yinkosi enkulu noma umuntu ohlala ezidela kakhulu.
Eshukunyiswa ukuhlupheka akubona emhlabeni—ukuguga, ukugula, ukufa, kanye noyedwa ophila impilo yokuzincisha ukudla—USiddhartha washiya impilo yakhe yasesigodlweni eneminyaka engu-29 ukuze ayofuna ukukhanyiselwa nezimpendulo zokuhlupheka kwakhe. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha yokufuna, ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuzincisha ukudla nokuzindla, uSiddhartha wagcina ethole ukukhanyiselwa eBodh Gaya, ngaphansi komuthi iBodhi. Kuleli qophelo, waba uBuddha, “Okhanyiselwe.”
UbuBuddha
Izimfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa ngokuthi iDharma, equkethe amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile (iCatur Aryasatya) kanye nendlela ehloniphekile enezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalombili (i-Astangika Marga). Amaqiniso amane ahloniphekile yilawa:
1. I-Dukkha: Ukuhlupheka kukhona empilweni. Konke okwakhayo, okushintshayo, nokushabalalayo kuwumthombo wokuhlupheka.
2. I-Samudaya: Imbangela yokuhlupheka inkanuko, ubugovu, inzondo kanye nokungazi.
3. I-Nirodha: Ukuhlupheka kungaqedwa ngokuqeda inkanuko nesifiso.
4. UMarga: Indlela eya ekupheleni kokuhlupheka idlula endleleni enhle enezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalombili, okungukuthi ukuqonda okulungile, umcabango ofanele, inkulumo efanele, isenzo esifanele, indlela yokuphila efanele, umzamo ofanele, ukucabanga okulungile, kanye nokugxila okulungile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBuddha wafundisa nemibono yokungabi nobudlova (i-Ahimsa), i-karma, kanye nokuphindukuzalwa. Kulezi zimfundiso, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ziboshwe ngumthetho we-karma—izenzo ezinhle nezimbi zizothinta kokubili impilo yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwasekuqaleni KobuBuddha
Ngemva kokuthola ukukhanyiselwa, uBuddha waqala ukufundisa abanye izimfundiso zakhe. Imfundiso yokuqala kaBuddha yanikezwa eDeer Park eSarnath, eduze kwaseBenares (manje eyiVaranasi), kubangane bakhe abahlanu bangaphambili ababezidela. Lesi senzakalo saziwa ngokuthi "Ukuguquka Kwesondo LikaDharma" kokuqala.
Eminyakeni engu-45 eyalandela, uBuddha wahamba kulo lonke elasenyakatho yeNdiya, esakaza iDharma. Wasungula umphakathi wezindela (amaSangha), owakhiwa amadoda nabesifazane abalahla impilo yezwe ukuze balandele indlela kaBuddha. Ngemva kokufa kukaBuddha cishe ngo-483 BCE, amaSangha aqhubeka nomsebenzi wokusabalalisa izimfundiso.
Sabalalisa Esifundeni sase-Asia
Ukusabalala kobuBuddha kwaqala ngemva kokufa kukaBuddha. INkosi u-Ashoka woBukhosi baseMauryan yayingumuntu obalulekile ekusabalaleni kwale nkolo. Ebusa kusukela cishe ngo-268 kuya ku-232 BC, u-Ashoka wayengumbusi omkhulu owaguqukela ebuBuddha ngemva kokubekezelela ubunzima ngesikhathi sempi. U-Ashoka wasekela ukwakhiwa kwe-stupas (izikhumbuzo zamaBuddha) kanye nama-vihara (izindela), futhi wathumela izithunywa zevangeli ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zaseNdiya nakwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa iSri Lanka, i-Asia Ephakathi, kanye ne-Southeast Asia.
ESri Lanka, indela uMahinda, indodana ka-Ashoka, yaletha ubuBuddha ngekhulu lesi-3 BC. Lapho, ubuBuddha baba yingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko nokuphila kwenkolo. Kusukela eSri Lanka, ubuBuddha beTheravada basakazekela eBurma (eMyanmar), eThailand, eLaos naseCambodia.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ubuBuddha baseMahayana banda enyakatho yeNdiya futhi basakazekela e-Asia Ephakathi, eShayina, eKorea, naseJapan ngeSilk Road. IMahayana yenezela izinto ezintsha kubuBuddha, njengomqondo weBodhisattva, isidalwa esihlehlisa i-nirvana ukuze sisize abanye bathole ukukhanyiselwa.
UbuBuddha eShayina naseJapan
UbuBuddha baqala ukufika eShayina ngekhulu loku-1 CE ngabathengisi nezindela. Ubukhosi baseMpumalanga Han badlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ubuBuddha. Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo yobuBuddha ngesiShayina kanye nezimfundiso zezindela ezidumile ezifana noKumārajīva kwasiza ekukhuthazeni ubuBuddha eShayina. Amaqembu amaMahayana afana noChan (Zen) noTantrayana achuma lapho.
Kusukela eShayina, ubuBuddha basakazekela eKorea naseJapan. EJapane, ubuBuddha bamukelwa ngentshiseko kulo lonke ikhulu lesi-6 AD futhi baba yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseJapan. Kwavela amaqembu anjengeZen noJodo Shinshu futhi azivumelanisa namasiko aseJapan.
UbuBuddha eTibet
ETibet, ubuBuddha baqala ukusabalala ngekhulu lesi-7 CE ngomshado weNkosi uSongtsen Gampo namakhosazana amabili avela eNepal naseShayina, aletha ithonya lobuBuddha. UbuBuddha baseTibet babuthonywe kakhulu amasiko eTantric noma amaVajrayana futhi bahlanganiswa nenkolo yomdabu yaseTibet yaseBön. I-Dalai Lama yaba umholi oyinhloko wezomoya nezepolitiki waseTibet.
Ukwehla Nokuvuselelwa
Ngokusabalala kobuHindu nobuSulumane ezwekazini laseNdiya, ithonya lobuBuddha laqala ukuncipha ezweni lakubo. Izikhumbuzo eziningi kanye nezindela zabhujiswa ukuhlasela kwamaSulumane kanye nezinguquko zezombusazwe eNdiya ngemva kwekhulu le-11 CE. Kodwa-ke, ubuBuddha basinda futhi bachuma eMpumalanga naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20, ubuBuddha baqala ukuheha isithakazelo esisha eNtshonalanga. Izazi zaseNtshonalanga zaqala ukufunda izimfundiso zikaBuddha ngokujulile, kanti ochwepheshe baseMpumalanga abanjengoD.T. Suzuki noChögyam Trungpa Rinpoche baqala ukufundisa iDharma e-United States naseYurophu. Imibono kaBuddha ngokuzindla, ukuqaphela, kanye nokukhanyiselwa iye yaphefumulela abantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo okuthobekile eNdiya yasendulo kuya ekusabalaleni kwayo kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, ubuBuddha bubonise ukuqina kwayo njengenye yezinkolo ezinkulu zesintu kanye namafilosofi. Ngokuphishekela ukukhanyiselwa, ukuthula, kanye nokuqonda okujulile ngokuphila nokuhlupheka, izimfundiso zikaBuddha ziyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela nokuthonya izigidi zabantu. Ezweni loshintsho oluqhubekayo, umlayezo kaBuddha wobubele, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nendlela ephakathi uhlala ubalulekile futhi uwusizo kubo bonke abantu.
