Isiko Nomlando WamaNdiya aseMelika
Igama elithi "American Indian" noma "Native Americans" libhekisela kubantu bomdabu abahlukahlukene ababehlala ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Nakuba bevame ukukhulunywa njengeqembu elilodwa, empeleni bakhiwa amakhulu ezizwe ezinezilimi ezihlukene, amasiko, izinhlelo zezinkolelo, kanye nezindlela zokuphila. Kusukela ezinkangala ezinkulu zaseGreat Plains, emahlathini aseMpumalanga, ogwadule baseNingizimu-ntshonalanga, kanye nase-Arctic, indawo ngayinye idale isiko layo elihlukile. Ukuqonda umlando kanye namasiko ezizwe zaseMelika Indian kusho nokuqonda ukuqina kwazo, ubuhlakani, kanye nokulwa kwazo isikhathi eside nokubuswa kobukoloni kanye nezikhathi ezishintshayo.
Ukuhlukahluka Kobuzwe Nokwezilimi
Ngaphambi kokuxhumana nabaseYurophu, iNyakatho Melika yayihlalwa yimiphakathi emikhulu nemincane ehlelwe yaba yizinhlangano, amadolobhana, noma amaqembu abantu abazulazulayo. Ezinye zezizwe ezaziwa kakhulu zifaka phakathi amaNavajo (Diné), amaCherokee, amaLakota (amaSioux), ama-Apache, ama-Iroquois (amaHaudenosaunee), amaHopi, nama-Inuit (nakuba evame ukuxoxwa ngokwehlukana ngokwamasiko nangokwesifunda). Bakhuluma imindeni yezilimi ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ama-Algonquian, ama-Iroquoian, amaSiouan, ama-Athabaskan, nama-Uto-Aztecan. Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana, kodwa futhi luyinsika yobunikazi, isiko, nolwazi lwezemvelo oludluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Indlela Yokuphila Nobuhlobo Nemvelo
Amasiko amaningi aseMelika aseMelika agcizelela ubudlelwano obulinganiselayo nemvelo. Umhlaba, amanzi, izilwane, nezitshalo akuzona nje izinsiza zomnotho kodwa yingxenye yenethiwekhi yokuphila engcwele. E-Great Plains, izizwe ezifana namaLakota namaCheyenne zalandela inyathi, zisebenzisa cishe zonke izingxenye zesilwane ukudla, izingubo, amatende (i-tipi), kanye namathuluzi. ENingizimu-ntshonalanga, amaHopi namaZuni athuthukisa izinhlelo zokulima ummbila kanye nokunisela ezimweni ezomile, adale ukwakheka okuqinile kwe-pueblo ngamatshe nobumba. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izizwe zaseNorthwest Coast ezifana namaTlingit namaHaida zasebenzisa izinsiza zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi i-salmon, futhi zathuthukisa ubuciko bokuqopha izinkuni obudumile kanye nobuciko be-totem.
Izinhlelo Zezenhlalo Nezepolitiki
Imiphakathi eminingi yamaNdiya aseMelika yayinezinhlelo zezombusazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo njengesibonelo sikahulumeni ohlangene osekelwe ezimisweni zokuxoxisana nokumelwa. Isakhiwo sabo senhlalo sasihilela imindeni, ngokuvamile eyabesifazane, lapho inzalo namalungelo athile ayedluliselwa ohlangothini lukamama. Abesifazane nabo badlale indima ebalulekile emiphakathini eminingi, okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kokudla, ukukhetha abaholi, nokugcina amasiko. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu: amanye amaqembu ayenezikhundla eziphezulu kanye namakhosi nezikhulu, kanti amanye ayelingana kakhulu.
Inkolelo, Ingokomoya, kanye Nomkhosi
Izinkolelo zamaNdiya aseMelika ziyahlukahluka, kodwa eziningi zigcizelela ingokomoya elikhona emvelweni nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Izindaba zokudala, imimoya eqaphayo, kanye nemikhuba yemikhosi zibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi. Emathafeni, imikhosi efana neSun Dance ifanekisela umhlatshelo, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nokuvuselelwa okungokomoya. ENingizimu-ntshonalanga, umdanso weHopi kachina uhlotshaniswa nemimoya exhumanisayo eletha imvula kanye nokulinganisela. Amasiko omlomo—ngezindaba, izingoma, kanye nezimpawu—asebenza “njengengobo yomlando ephilayo” eqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi kanye nezindinganiso zokuziphatha kuyadluliselwa ngaphandle kombhalo obhaliwe.
Ubuciko, Imisebenzi Yezandla, Nokuvezwa Kwamasiko
Ubuciko emasikweni aseMelika Abomdabu abugcini nje ngobuhle kodwa futhi buyasebenza futhi bunenjongo. Ukuluka kwamaNavajo kwaziwa ngamaphethini awo ejometri kanye nekhwalithi, kuyilapho ubuhlalu basePlains busebenza njengophawu lobunikazi kanye nesimo senhlalo. Izitsha zobumba esifundeni sasePueblo zinesiko elide, elivame ukuhlotshiswa ngemidwebo ehlobene ne-cosmology. Imidwebo yokhuni kanye nezifihla-buso esifundeni saseNorthwest Coast kusetshenziswa emikhosini nasekuqinisekiseni umlando womndeni. Imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko yendabuko nayo isebenza njengezimoto zomnotho, ikakhulukazi njengoba imiphakathi kuye kwadingeka izivumelanise nesimiso semakethe yesimanje.
Umlando Wokuqala Wokuxhumana NeYurophu
Ngaphambi kokufika kwamakoloni, inani labantu bomdabu baseMelika lalilinganiselwa ezigidini, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala kanye namanethiwekhi okuhweba phakathi kwezifunda. Ukuxhumana nabantu baseYurophu, okwaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 futhi kwaqina emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwezingxabano kanye nemibango yendawo, umthelela omubi kakhulu wavela ezifweni ezifana ne-smallpox kanye ne-measles, ezasakazeka ngokushesha futhi zabulala abantu abaningi bomdabu ababengenawo amasosha omzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaba nokushintshana kwezimpahla kanye nobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa nehhashi, okwaguqula impilo yezizwe zaseThafeni, kwanda ukuhamba kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuzingela izinyathi.
Ubukoloniyali, Izivumelwano, kanye Nokufuduka Kwabantu Ngokuphoqelelwa
Njengoba i-United States yayivela, ukwanda kwayo ngasentshonalanga kwaholela ezivumelwaneni eziningi eziphukile kanye nezimpi nezizwe ezahlukene. Ikhulu le-19 laliyisikhathi esimnyama sokufuduka ngenkani. Esinye sezidumela ezibi kakhulu kwakuyi-"Trail of Tears" ngawo-1830, lapho amaCherokee namanye amaqembu ephoqwa ukuba asuke emakhaya okhokho bawo eNingizimu-mpumalanga aye endaweni manje eyi-Oklahoma. Izinkulungwane zafa ngenxa yendlala, izifo, kanye nezimo zokuhamba ezimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubomgomo zokubhukha zaphoqa izizwe eziningi ukuba zihlale ezindaweni ezibekwe uhulumeni, ngokuvamile ezikude nezindawo zazo zendabuko.
Izikole Zokuhlanganisa Nokulahlekelwa Ulimi
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinqubomgomo zokuhlanganisa zaqina, ngokusungulwa kwezikole zokuhlala zezingane zaseMelika Zomdabu. Ezindaweni eziningi, izingane zahlukaniswa nemindeni yazo, zenqatshelwa ukukhuluma izilimi zazo zomdabu, futhi zaphoqeleka ukuba zamukele isiko elibusayo. Umthelela wawuhlala isikhathi eside: ukuhlukumezeka kwezizukulwane ezahlukene, ukulahlekelwa ulimi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokudluliselwa kwendabuko. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokucindezelwa, imiphakathi eminingi yagcina imikhuba yamasiko ngasese futhi kamuva yavuselela lapho izimo zenhlalo nezepolitiki ziba ngcono.
Ukwanda Kwenhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nokuqiniswa Kobuwena
Ukungena maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, kwavela izinhlangano ezifuna ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo, ubukhosi, kanye nenhlonipho yezivumelwano. Ukuzibusa kwabantu bomdabu baseMelika kwabonakala kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba, imfundo, kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza. Izizwe eziningi zaqinisa ohulumeni bezizwe, zathuthukisa izinhlelo zokuvuselela ulimi, futhi zasungula iminyuziyamu nezikhungo zamasiko. Ubunikazi manje sebuyindawo yokuxoxisana phakathi kwesiko kanye nesimanje: amanye amalungu ezizwe ayehlala ezindaweni zokubhukha, amanye emadolobheni, kodwa ahlala exhunywe ngokuxhumana komphakathi, emikhosini, kanye nemindeni.
Isiko LamaNdiya aseMelika Enkathini Yanamuhla
Namuhla, izizwe zaseMelika Zomdabu zibhekene nezinselele kanye namathuba. Lezi zinselele zifaka phakathi ubumpofu besakhiwo, ukufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwempilo, kanye nezingxabano zomhlaba nezimboni. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko ngokufundisa ulimi, ubuciko besimanje, amafilimu, umculo, kanye nezincwadi ezikhiqizwa abaculi bomdabu. Imiphakathi eminingi iphinda iqinisekise umqondo wobukhosi—ilungelo lokulawula izindaba zangaphakathi, ukugcina amasiko, nokunquma indlela yentuthuko. Izindlela zanamuhla zemfundo nobuchwepheshe nazo ziyasetshenziswa ukuloba izinganekwane, ukubuyisela izilimi, nokusabalalisa ulwazi lomlando ngombono womdabu.
I-Penutup
Isiko nomlando waseMelika womdabu kuyizindaba zokuhlukahluka okungavamile, ukusondelana nemvelo, kanye nokuqina lapho kubhekene nezingcindezi zobukoloni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje. Akuzona “izinsalela zesikhathi esidlule,” kodwa imiphakathi ephilayo, ehlala ishintsha, futhi inikela emasikweni omhlaba wonke. Ukuziqonda kuwukuqonda ukuthi iNyakatho Melika yakhiwe ngabantu abaningi abanefa elide, nokuthi ubulungiswa bomlando bungatholakala kuphela ngokuqashelwa, ukuhlonipha amalungelo, kanye nendawo yabantu bomdabu yokuxoxa izindaba zabo ngamazwi abo.
