Indaba Yohambo LukaMarco Polo Oluya EShayina
I-Pengantar
UMarco Polo wayengumhloli wamazwe waseVenice owaziwa kakhulu ngohambo lwakhe olumangalisayo oluya eShayina ngekhulu le-13. Uhambo lwakhe alusoze lwafa encwadini ethi “Il Milione,” eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi “Uhambo LukaMarco Polo.” Le ncwadi ayizange nje inikeze umbono ongavamile nge-Asia ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa futhi yaphefumulela izizukulwane zabahloli bamazwe futhi yavusa umcabango wabaningi eYurophu ngezwe elikude nelingavamile.
Isizinda Somndeni
UMarco Polo wazalwa ngo-1254 eVenice, elinye lamadolobha anethonya elikhulu e-Italy. Umndeni wakhe wawungabathengisi abaphumelelayo ababevame ukuhamba kakhulu beyohweba. Uyise, uNiccolò Polo, kanye nomalume wakhe, uMaffeo Polo, babengabahwebi ababeke baya e-Asia, okuhlanganisa neShayina.
Ngesikhathi uMarco esengumntwana, uyise nomalume wakhe baqala uhambo olude oluya e-Asia ngo-1260. Bafika eShayina bahlangana noKublai Khan, umbusi wobukhosi bamaYuan ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho bebuyela eVenice, uMarco, owayeneminyaka engaba ngu-15 ubudala ngaleso sikhathi, wakhangwa yizindaba zabo zomhlaba omkhulu wasempumalanga ogcwele ingcebo namathuba.
Uhambo oluya eShayina
Ngo-1271, uMarco Polo waqala uhambo lwakhe olukhulu oluya eShayina noyise nomalume wakhe. Basuka eVenice balibangisa e-Acre, idolobha eliyitheku ePalestina yanamuhla. Ukusuka lapho, bahamba phakathi nezwe bedabula iPersia (manje eyi-Iran) badlula endaweni enzima yase-Asia Ephakathi.
Uhambo lwabo lwathatha iminyaka emithathu nengxenye, bedlula ezinkingeni eziningi njengezingwadule ezingenalutho, izintaba eziphakeme, kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Phakathi nohambo lwabo, uMarco Polo wabhala phansi okuningiliziwe ngamasiko ahlukahlukene, izinkolo, kanye nemiphakathi abahlangana nayo. La marekhodi ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile olwalungaziwa kakhulu ezweni laseNtshonalanga ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukufika eSigodlweni sikaKublai Khan
Ngemva kokuhamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, ekugcineni bafika enkantolo kaKublai Khan eKhanbaliq (manje eyiBeijing) ngo-1275. UKublai Khan wabamukela ngemfudumalo futhi wathakaselwa ulwazi nezindaba umndeni wakwaPolo owaziletha. Eqinisweni, uKublai Khan wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngoMarco Polo kangangokuthi waqokwa njengosomaqhinga kanye nommeleli othembekile ukuze afeze imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene ebalulekile embusweni.
Ngesikhathi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaKublai Khan, uMarco Polo wathola ithuba lokuvakashela izingxenye eziningi zombuso omkhulu. Wahamba waya ezindaweni ezifana neYunnan eningizimu yeShayina, eTibet, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho naseBurma (eMyanmar) naseNdiya. Ukubuka kwakhe okujulile ngendawo, umnotho, kanye nokuphila komphakathi kwalezi zifunda kwanikeza umhlaba waseNtshonalanga ukuqonda okujulile nge-Asia.
Ukuboniswa kweChina ku-"Il Milione"
Encwadini yakhe ethi "Il Milione," uMarco Polo unikeza incazelo eningiliziwe ngeShayina nengcebo yayo. Phakathi kwalokhu kukhona ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemali yephepha, okuhluke kakhulu ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwaseYurophu lwangaleso sikhathi, olwalusabuswa ukushintshana kwezinhlamvu zensimbi. UMarco Polo uphinde achaze iDolobha Elivinjelwe, isakhiwo esihle kakhulu sesigodlo esasisebenza njengesikhungo sikahulumeni kanye nendawo yokuhlala yombusi.
UMarco Polo uphinde wabhala ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha ahlangana nazo eShayina, njengempuphu yezibhamu, ikhampasi, kanye nokunyathelisa. Wachaza nezinhlelo zezolimo ezithuthukile, imisele yokunisela, kanye nomhlaba wokulima okhiqizayo. Lezi zincazelo zanikeza abaseYurophu umbono omusha wokuthi impucuko yaseShayina yayithuthuke futhi ithuthuke kangakanani ngaleso sikhathi.
Impilo Yezenhlalo Neyamasiko
Ngesikhathi ehlala eShayina, uMarco Polo wafunda nangamasiko aseShayina acebile futhi ahlukahlukene. Wachaza impilo yomphakathi esekelwe emithethweni nasezimisweni zokuziphatha eziqinile zamaConfucian. Imikhosi namasiko aseShayina, kusukela emishadweni kuya emikhosini, konke kwatholakala kumarekhodi akhe.
UMarco waphawula nezinkolelo zenkolo ezahlukahlukene zaseShayina, okuhlanganisa ubuBuddha, ubuTao, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenkolo yabantu. Wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngokubekezelelana kwenkolo okwakhuthazwa uKublai Khan, owavumela izinkolo ezahlukene ukuba zihlale ndawonye ngokuthula ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.
Ithonya kanye Nempikiswano
Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka ecishe ibe yi-17 eShayina, umndeni wakwaPolo wanquma ukubuyela eVenice. Bahamba ngomkhumbi baya ekhaya, bedlula ezindaweni ezifana neSumatra, iNdiya, nePheresiya. Lolu hambo lokuya ekhaya lwanezela esinye isahluko endabeni yabo engavamile.
Ekugcineni uMarco Polo wabuyela eVenice ngo-1295. Ngemva nje kokubuya kwakhe, wahileleka empini phakathi kweVenice neGenoa futhi wabanjwa. Ngesikhathi eboshiwe eGenoa, wahlangana nomlobi ogama lakhe linguRustichello da Pisa. Baqala ukuhlanganisa umlando wohambo lukaMarco Polo, olwaziwa ngokuthi "i-Il Milione."
Le ncwadi, nakuba yayithandwa kakhulu, nayo yabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abaningi eYurophu babenokungabaza ngokuba yiqiniso kwezindaba zikaMarco Polo. Babenomuzwa wokuthi izincazelo zaseShayina zazimangalisa kakhulu ukuba zingakholeki. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isikhathi sihamba futhi kuvele ulwazi olwengeziwe nge-Asia, izindaba eziningi zikaMarco Polo zabonakala zinembile futhi zingenakuqhathaniswa.
Ifa likaMarco Polo
Ifa likaMarco Polo, kokubili emlandweni wokuhlola kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga, lijulile. Incwadi yakhe ethi "Il Milione" yaba yinkomba ebalulekile kubahloli bamazwe abanjengoChristopher Columbus, abaphefumulelwa ukufuna indlela yolwandle eya e-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanothi kaMarco Polo anikeze ukuqonda okujulile nokuyingqayizivele ngezici zokuphila e-Asia ezazingaziwa kangako ngabantu baseNtshonalanga ngaleso sikhathi.
Amanothi akhe asize futhi ekuvuleni umnyango wokushintshana ngamasiko nolwazi phakathi kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga. Kuze kube namuhla, indaba kaMarco Polo iwuphawu lokukhuthazela komuntu, isibindi, kanye nelukuluku elingenamkhawulo.
Ngokubanzi, uhambo lukaMarco Polo luyisifundo ngokubaluleka kokuqondana kanye nolwazi lwamasiko ahlukahlukene. Wabonisa ukuthi yize singase sivele ezizindeni ezahlukene, singafunda komunye nomunye futhi sikhule ndawonye.
I-Penutup
Indaba yohambo lukaMarco Polo oluya eShayina ingaphezu nje kwendaba yokuzijabulisa. Yindaba yokutholwa nokuqonda. Kusukela eVenice kuya eShayina nokubuyela emuva, uhambo lwakhe lwavala igebe phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga, lwanikeza ukuqonda okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili ngempucuko ehlukene. Kuze kube namuhla, uMarco Polo usengomunye wabahloli abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni, futhi indaba yakhe yokuphila iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu emhlabeni jikelele.
