Isikhathi Sobukoloni E-Asia Nomphumela Waso
Ubukoloni e-Asia bungenye yezahluko ezichaza kakhulu emlandweni wezwe wanamuhla. Kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-16 kuya maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ingxenye enkulu ye-Asia yabhekana nokungena, ukubuswa, kanye nokuxhashazwa amandla aseYurophu, kwalandelwa yiJapane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ubukoloni babungaphezu nje kokuthathwa kwezempi noma ukushintsha kwababusi; bashintsha umnotho, izakhiwo zomphakathi, imfundo, isiko, ngisho nemingcele yezizwe esizaziyo namuhla. Ukuqonda isikhathi sobukoloni e-Asia kusho ukuqonda izimpande zezinkinga eziningi zanamuhla: ukungalingani kwezomnotho, izingxabano zemingcele, ezombusazwe zobunikazi, kanye nokuguquguquka kwentuthuko yangemva kokuzimela.
Isizinda Sokuvela Kobukoloni E-Asia
Igagasi lobukoloni baseYurophu e-Asia laqala ngokwanda kwezilwandle kwamaPutukezi namaSpanishi ngekhulu le-15 nele-16. Inhloso yalo eyinhloko ivame ukufingqwa ngokuthi "ama-G amathathu": Igolide (ingcebo), Inkazimulo (inkazimulo), kanye neVangeli (ukusabalala kwenkolo). Kodwa-ke, isici esicacile kwakuwukudingeka kwemakethe yaseYurophu kwezimpahla zase-Asia, ikakhulukazi izinongo ezifana nama-clove, i-nutmeg, nepelepele, kanye nesilika netiye. Njengoba imizila yokuhweba eya e-Asia iba nzima futhi ibiza kakhulu, abaseYurophu bafuna imizila yolwandle eqondile ukuze badlule abaxhumanisi futhi balawule imithombo yokukhiqiza.
Kamuva, amaDashi namaNgisi avele njengamandla ahlelekile kakhulu obukoloni ngezinkampani zokuhweba ezifana ne-VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) kanye ne-EIC (East India Company). Lezi zinkampani zazingebona nje abahwebi; zazigcina amabutho, zenza izivumelwano zezombusazwe, ziqoqa intela, futhi zalwa ngisho nempi. Ubukoloni bashintsha kusukela ekuhwebeni kuya ekubusweni kwezombusazwe kwendawo.
Amandla Nezindawo Zasekoloni
I-Asia yabhekana nobukoloni ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuye ngamandla obukoloni kanye nezimo zendawo.
1. IGreat Britain yayilawula izindawo ezinkulu njengeNdiya (kufaka phakathi iPakistan neBangladesh yanamuhla), iBurma/Myanmar, iMalaya, iHong Kong, futhi yayinethonya elikhulu ePersian Gulf kanye nenethiwekhi enkulu yezohwebo.
2. AmaDashi ayebusa isiqhingi (i-Indonesia yanamuhla), esungula uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamasimu oluhlala isikhathi eside kanye nokuphathwa kwamakoloni.
3. IFrance yayilawula i-Indochina: iVietnam, iLaos, neCambodia.
4. AmaPutukezi ayenezikhundla ezibalulekile njengeGoa (India), Macau (China), East Timor, kanye neMalacca (nakuba kamuva yathathwa).
5. ISpain yalawula iPhilippines kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngaphambi kokuba ithathelwe indawo yi-United States.
6. IRussia yanwebeka ezweni lonke yaya e-Asia Ephakathi, eSiberia, nasePacific, yakha iphethini yobukoloni eyayihlukile ebukolonini baseNtshonalanga Yurophu olwandle.
7. IJapane, ikakhulukazi kusukela enkathini yeMeiji, yaba umbuso wobukhosi owawulawula iKorea, iTaiwan, kanye nezingxenye zeShayina, ngaleso sikhathi yathatha iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kubonisa ukuthi ubukoloni e-Asia kwakungeyona into eyodwa, kodwa kwakuwuhlelo lwezipiliyoni ezixhumene nokuhweba komhlaba wonke kanye nokuncintisana kwamandla.
Umthelela Wezomnotho: Ukuhlanganiswa Okuphoqelelwe Nokuxhashazwa
Umthelela osobala kakhulu wobukoloni wabonakala ezinguqukweni zomnotho. Izindawo eziningi zase-Asia zahlanganiswa nomnotho womhlaba wonke wobungxowankulu njengabaphakeli bezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezimakethe zezimpahla eziqediwe zaseYurophu. Leli phethini laholela emnothweni wokukhipha imali: ingcebo yakhishwa emakoloni ukuze kuqiniswe imboni kanye nezimali emazweni ayebusa.
Ezindaweni ezahlukene, kwavela izinhlelo zokulima izimpahla ezinkulu—umoba, ikhofi, itiye, irabha, ukotini, kanye ne-opium—ezivame ukuthatha indawo yezolimo zokuziphilisa. Isibonelo, e-Indonesia, izinqubomgomo ezifana nokulima okuphoqelelwe ngekhulu le-19 zacindezela abalimi ukuba batshale izimpahla zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. E-India, izimboni zendwangu zendawo zabuthaka ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zokuhweba zamakoloni ezazithanda imikhiqizo yezimboni zaseBrithani. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye zesifunda zabhekana nokuntuleka kwezimboni, ukuncika ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuba sengozini yezinkinga zamanani emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, ubukoloni baletha nengqalasizinda efana namachweba, izitimela, imigwaqo, kanye nemigqa ye-telegraph. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinguquko ngokuvamile zenzelwe izinjongo zokukhipha: ukuthutha izimpahla ezivela ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ziye emachwebeni, kunokuba kusatshalaliswe ingcebo ngokulinganayo. Umthelela wazo emiphakathini yendawo wawungalingani: ukwenziwa kwesimanje okubonakalayo kwenzeka, kodwa izinzuzo zomnotho zazivame ukuya kubantu abathile bendawo noma ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe.
Umthelela Wezenhlalo: Ukwakheka Kwamaqoqo Amasha Nokuhamba
Ubukoloni bushintshe kakhulu isakhiwo senhlalo sase-Asia. Ohulumeni abaningi bamakoloni basebenzise ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga nangokobuzwe okwathinta ukufinyelela emfundweni, emisebenzini, kanye nomthetho. Kwezinye izindawo, amaqembu athile anikezwa izindima ezithile zezomnotho—ngokwesibonelo, njengabaxhumanisi—okwaholela ekungezwani komphakathi kwesikhathi eside.
Ubukoloni bakhuthaza nokukhula kwamadolobha: amadolobha asechwebeni kanye nezikhungo zokuphatha zakhula ngokushesha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi kwenzeka ngokuphoqelelwa kwabasebenzi, izinkontileka zabasebenzi eziboshiwe, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Ukugeleza kwabasebenzi abavela eNdiya naseShayina beya eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia—ukuze batshale amasimu kanye nezimayini—kwakha i-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yabantu esathonya ezombusazwe zobunikazi nanamuhla.
Umthelela Wezepolitiki: Ihhovisi Lanamuhla kanye Nembewu Yobuzwe
Kwezepolitiki, ubukoloniyali bethula imodeli yesimanje yombuso: i-bureaucracy ehlanganisiwe, ukubalwa kwabantu, uhlelo lwentela, kanye nomthetho obhaliwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile kucindezela, lezi zakhiwo kamuva zaba yisisekelo sezifundazwe zangemva kobukoloniyali. Kwezinye izifunda, ubukoloniyali basebenzise uhlelo lokuhlukanisa nokubusa ngababusi bendawo, imibuso, noma izikhulu zendabuko, ngaleyo ndlela buthaka ukumelana okuhlangene.
Ngokumangalisayo, ubukoloni baveza ubuzwe banamuhla. Imfundo yobukoloni yaveza isigaba esifundile esijwayelene nemibono yokukhululeka, ubusocialism, kanye nokuzibusa. Abezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki achuma. Kwavela izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene: i-Indian National Congress, inhlangano yokuzimela yase-Indonesia, ubuzwe baseVietnam, ngisho noguquko lwaseShayina, olwaluqhutshwa yingcindezi yamazwe angaphandle. Lokhu kubuzwe ekugcineni kwaveza igagasi elikhulu lokuzimela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II.
Imiphumela Yamasiko Nezemfundo: Ukuxubeka Nokulahlekelwa
Ubukoloni bathonya ulimi, imfundo, inkolo kanye nemibono yomphakathi. Kwamanye amakoloni, ulimi lomkoloni lwaba ulimi lokuphatha kanye nemfundo ephakeme. Lokhu kwavula ukufinyelela kwisayensi yesimanje, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye kwaholela ekubandlululweni kwezilimi zendawo kanye namasiko obuhlakani.
Imfundo yamakoloni yayivame ukukhetha: ukukhiqiza izikhulu ezisezingeni eliphansi ukusekela ukuphatha, kunokwakha amandla omphakathi obanzi. Emkhakheni wamasiko, kwakukhona ukuxutshwa—ingxube yezitayela zokwakha, izincwadi, namasiko—kodwa kwakukhona nenkohlakalo: ukwebiwa kwezinto zobuciko, ukunganakwa kwefa lendawo, kanye nokufakwa kwezindinganiso ezithile.
Umthelela Wemingcele Yezwe Nezingxabano
Enye yefa eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukudalwa kwemingcele. Imingcele eminingi yanamuhla e-Asia ingumphumela wezingxoxo zamakoloni ezahluleka ukucabangela amaqiniso endawo ngokohlanga, ulimi, noma umlando. Lokhu kube nomthelela ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo: izingxabano zemingcele, ukuhlukana, noma ukungqubuzana kobunikazi. Ukuhlukaniswa kweNdiya nePakistan ngo-1947, isibonelo, kubonisa ukuthi ukuguquka kusuka ebukolonini kuya ekuzimeleni kungabangela kanjani ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kanye nobudlova bomphakathi.
Isiphetho
Isikhathi sobukoloni e-Asia sashiya ifa elikhulu neliyinkimbinkimbi. Saletha ushintsho kwezomnotho ngokuhlanganiswa okuphoqelelwe ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke, sadala izakhiwo zomphakathi ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ezishubile, futhi sangenisa izikhungo zezombusazwe zesimanje ezamukelwa kamuva yizifundazwe zangemva kobukoloni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukoloni baholela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwezinsiza, ukungalingani, ukuwohloka kwamasiko, kanye nezingxabano zemingcele, imiphumela yazo esabonakala nanamuhla. Ukuqonda ubukoloni akusho ukuboshwa esikhathini esidlule, kodwa kunalokho ukuqonda izimpande zezinkinga zanamuhla zase-Asia nokwakha ikusasa elilinganayo—ngokuqwashisa ngomlando njengesisekelo.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izibonelo ezithile ngezwe ngalinye (isib. i-Indonesia, i-India, i-Vietnam, i-Philippines) noma ngifake uhlu olufushane lwezincwadi ukuze ngenze lesi sihloko sibe sezemfundo kakhulu.
