Isikhathi sika-Elizabethan kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwedrama yesiNgisi
Isikhathi sika-Elizabeth, esivame ukubhekwa njengesikhathi segolide emlandweni waseNgilandi, saqala ngo-1558 kuya ku-1603, lapho iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth I ibusa khona. Lesi sikhathi saziwa ngokuthuthuka kwaso okusheshayo kwezobuciko, isiko, ikakhulukazi imidlalo yeshashalazi. Ukukhula kwedrama ngesikhathi sika-Elizabeth kwaguqula izincwadi futhi kwashiya ifa elijulile emhlabeni.
Umongo Wezenhlalo Nezepolitiki
Isikhathi sika-Elizabethan sasiyisikhathi sokuzinza kwezepolitiki kanye nokukhula komnotho eNgilandi, kulandela isikhathi eside sokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukubusa kweNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth I kwagcina ukuthula ngempumelelo futhi kwakhuthaza intuthuko yamasiko. Lokhu kuchuma komnotho kwakhuthaza abantu ukuba bajabulele ukuzijabulisa okwengeziwe kanye nobuciko, okuhlanganisa nedrama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekunyatheliseni kanye nokwanda kokufunda nokubhala kwavumela imidlalo ukuba isakazeke kabanzi kunanini ngaphambili.
Isakhiwo kanye nendawo yoMdlalo
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwaqala ukuvela amathiyetha avulekile, njengeGlobe Theatre edumile. La mathiyetha ayevame ukuba nesimo se-polygonal nendawo evulekile yezilaleli phakathi nendawo, okuvumela ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwabadlali nezilaleli. Ngokungafani nezitayela zemidlalo yeshashalazi yasendulo ezazithembele endaweni yangaphandle noma ezinqoleni ezihambayo, i-Elizabethan theater yavumela ubuciko ukuba buchume ezakhiweni ezihlala njalo ezenzelwe ngqo ukusebenza.
Imibukiso kulezi zinkundla yayivame ukwenziwa emini ukuze kusetshenziswe ukukhanya kwemvelo. Nakuba imishini yasesiteji yangaleso sikhathi yayivame ukuba mincane, ukusetshenziswa okucebile kolimi kanye nekhono labadlali lokuveza imizwa kwakuyizinto ezikhangayo ezibalulekile. Akuzona nje izicukuthwane, kodwa futhi nabantu abaphakathi nendawo kanye nabantu abavamile babengajabulela imidlalo kulezi zinkundla, okudala isiko lemidlalo yaseshashalazini elibandakanya wonke umuntu.
Ababhali Bemidlalo Abadumile
Ukuvela kwababhali bemidlalo abaningana abakhulu kwakungenye yezici ezibalulekile zesikhathi sika-Elizabeth. Phakathi kwamagama akhumbuleka kakhulu kukhona uWilliam Shakespeare, uChristopher Marlowe, noBen Jonson.
William Shakespeare
UWilliam Shakespeare mhlawumbe igama elidumile kakhulu emlandweni wezincwadi zesiNgisi. Wazalwa ngo-1564, imisebenzi yakhe ibonisa izici ezahlukene zobuntu, kusukela othandweni nenzondo kuya emhawini kanye nesifiso sokuvelela. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe edumile ihlanganisa "uHamlet," "u-Othello," "uMacbeth," kanye no-"uRomeo noJuliet." UShakespeare waziwa ngokusebenzisa kwakhe ulimi lwesiNgisi ngendlela entsha, edala izinkulungwane zamagama nemishwana esasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Christopher Marlowe
UChristopher Marlowe wayengumlandeli kaShakespeare, owaziwa ngemisebenzi efana nethi "Doctor Faustus" kanye nethi "Tamburlaine the Great." UMarlowe wayenesitayela sokubhala esinobunkondlo nesinobuciko, evame ukukhuluma ngezindikimba ezijulile ze-metaphysical kanye nefilosofi. UMarlowe kukholakala ukuthi udlale indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni komugqa we-drama kanye nokusetshenziswa kwevesi elingenalutho kudrama.
Ben Jonson
UBen Jonson, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi nomngane kanye nembangi kaShakespeare, waziwa ngemisebenzi efana nethi "Volpone," "The Alchemist," kanye nethi "Every Man in His Humour." UJonson wayenguchwepheshe wamahlaya ahlekisayo abonisa ukuziphatha komphakathi kwesikhathi sakhe. Indlela yakhe yokubhala ebukhali kanye nokubuka kwakhe ubuntu bomuntu kwanezela ukuhlukahluka ezweni ledrama ka-Elizabeth.
Izindikimba Nezitayela Ezimangalisayo
Idrama ka-Elizabethan yayivame ukumboza izingqikithi zomhlaba wonke ezifinyeleleka kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, njengothando, ukufa, nokukhashelwa. Kodwa-ke, kwakuvamile ukuthola imidlalo ehlola izingqikithi zomlando nezinganekwane. Ukusetshenziswa kwamahlaya kanye nenhlekelele emsebenzini owodwa, njengoba kubonakala emisebenzini eminingi kaShakespeare, kwanikeza ukujula kanye nobunzima.
Ngokuphathelene nesitayela, idrama ka-Elizabeth yasebenzisa ulimi oluhle kakhulu nolungokwenkondlo. Ukusetshenziswa kwevesi elingenalutho (izinkondlo ezingenamvumelwano) kwanika ababhali bemidlalo ithuba lokuthuthukisa ingxoxo eyinkimbinkimbi nengokoqobo. Ukusetshenziswa okucebile kwesingathekiso nesifaniso nakho kwacebisa ulwazi lwezilaleli, kwabavumela ukuba bazindle ngencazelo ejulile kanye nomyalezo wombhalo.
Ifa kanye Nethonya
Ifa ledrama ka-Elizabethan likhulu futhi lihlala njalo. UShakespeare nabantu ayephila nabo babeka izisekelo zedrama nezincwadi zanamuhla. Ithonya labo liyabonakala hhayi nje kuphela emasikweni emidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseNgilandi kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Kuze kube namuhla, imisebenzi yabo iyaqhubeka nokwenziwa futhi ifundwa, okubonisa amandla ahlala njalo ezindaba abazidalile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono namasu okubhala athuthukiswe phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zedrama zakamuva. Isibonelo, imiqondo yenhlekelele kanye namahlaya atholakala emisebenzini kaShakespeare yaba yizinkomba ezibalulekile kubabhali bemidlalo yakamuva. Ukusetshenziswa kwabalingiswa abayinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi nakho kwaphefumulela ababhali bemidlalo abaningi banamuhla.
Isiphetho
Isikhathi sika-Elizabethan kwakuyisikhathi sokusungula izinto ezintsha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi ezweni ledrama. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth I, iNgilandi yathola ukuchuma kwamasiko okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Imidlalo yeshashalazi yachuma, futhi ababhali bemidlalo abakhulu abanjengoWilliam Shakespeare, uChristopher Marlowe, noBen Jonson bakhiqiza imisebenzi eyayingajabulisi nje kuphela kodwa futhi ivusa imicabango.
Ngokusebenzisa kwabo ulimi olucebile, izingqikithi zomhlaba wonke, kanye namasu amasha okudlala, idrama yase-Elizabethan ishiye ifa eliyigugu emhlabeni wezincwadi. Ithonya labo lisasebenza nanamuhla, futhi imisebenzi yabo iyaqhubeka nokwaziswa nokufundwa emhlabeni wonke. Isikhathi sika-Elizabethan, nazo zonke izimpumelelo zaso kudrama kanye nobuciko, sasiyisikhathi esimangalisayo ngempela emlandweni wesiNgisi.
