Imizwa Yekhanda: Imizwa Yobuchopho
Imizwa ye-cranial iwuchungechunge lwemizwa eyishumi nambili ephuma ngqo ebuchosheni, ikakhulukazi esiqwini sobuchopho. Ngokungafani nemizwa yomgogodla, ephuma ezingxenyeni zomgogodla, imizwa ye-cranial ixhumana ngqo nobuchopho. Imizwa ye-cranial ngayinye ihambisana futhi inomsebenzi othize, kungaba ukuzwa, ukunyakaza, noma kokubili. Ukuqonda imizwa ye-cranial kubalulekile, njengoba idlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini yansuku zonke, kusukela emisebenzini eyisisekelo njengokubona nokuzwa kuya ekhonweni lokuhambisa ubuso nokwamukela ulwazi lwemizwa oluvela ekhanda.
1. I-Olfactory Nerve (I)
Inzwa yokuhogela iyona nzwa eyinhloko ebangela umuzwa wokuhogela. Imicu yayo isuka emakhaleni iye ebhalbhini lokuhogela ebuchosheni. Njengoba iyinzwa nje kuphela, le nzwa inesibopho sokudlulisa ulwazi lwephunga lusuka ekhaleni luye ebuchosheni, okusivumela ukuthi sibone futhi sichaze izinkulungwane zamaphunga ahlukene. Ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi wale nzwa kungaholela ku-anosmia, ukulahlekelwa umuzwa wokuhogela.
2. I-Optic Nerve (II)
I-optic nerve iyi-sensor yesibili ehilelekile ekuboneni. Le nerve ithwala ulwazi olubonakalayo lusuka ku-retina luye ebuchosheni. Uma selufikile ebuchosheni, ulwazi luyacutshungulwa, okusenza sikwazi ukubona izinto ezisizungezile. Ukulimala kwe-optic nerve kungabangela ukukhubazeka kokubona, okuhlanganisa ubumpumputhe, kuye ngokuthi umonakalo ungakanani.
3. I-Oculomotor Nerve (III)
I-oculomotor nerve ingenye yemizwa emithathu elawula ukunyakaza kwamehlo. Le nzwa inomsebenzi wokunyakaza, ilawula iningi lemisipha yamehlo, okuhlanganisa nemisipha ephakamisa amajwabu amehlo, kanye nemisipha ecindezela umfundi futhi ilungise ilensi ukuze igxile. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwale nzwa kungabangela i-ptosis (amajwabu amehlo alengayo), i-strabismus (amehlo ahlanganisiwe), kanye nokukhula okungavamile kwe-pupillary.
4. I-Trochlear nerve (IV)
I-trochlear nerve iyi-motor nerve ehilelekile ekunyakazeni kwamehlo. Le nerve ivikela imisipha ye-oblique ephezulu, evumela iso ukuthi lihambe liye phansi nangaseceleni. Ukulimala kwale nerve kungabangela i-diplopia (ukubona kabili) ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuhambisa iso ngendlela evamile.
5. I-Trigeminal Nerve (V)
I-trigeminal nerve iyi-nerve exubile enemisebenzi yezinzwa neye-motor. Inesibopho sokuzwa ebusweni nasekhanda, kanye neminye imisebenzi ye-motor, njengokuhlafuna. Ingumthambo omkhulu we-cranial futhi ihlukana ngamagatsha amathathu ayinhloko: amehlo, ama-maxillary, kanye nama-mandibular. Ukulimala komthambo we-trigeminal kungabangela i-trigeminal neuralgia, okuwubuhlungu obukhulu bobuso.
6. I-Abducens nerve (VI)
I-abducens nerve iyi-motor nerve elawula imisipha ye-lateral rectus. Le misipha ivumela iso ukuthi liphume. Uma i-abducens nerve yonakele, umuntu angase abe nombono ophindwe kabili ngoba iso alikwazi ukuphuma ngendlela evamile.
7. I-Fascial Nerve (VII)
I-fascial nerve iyi-nerve exubile elawula imisipha yobuso, inikeza ikhono lokuveza imizwa ngokunyakaza kobuso, futhi idlala indima emqondweni wokunambitha engxenyeni engaphambili yezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zolimi. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yokunyakaza, le nerve iphinde ilawule amathe kanye nokuphuma kokuklebhuka. Ukulimala kwe-fascial nerve kungabangela i-Bell's palsy, ubuthakathaka noma ukukhubazeka kohlangothi olulodwa lobuso.
8. I-Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
I-vestibulocochlear nerve iyi-sensory exhumanisa indlebe yangaphakathi nobuchopho. Le nerve ihlukana ibe amagatsha amabili: i-vestibular, enegalelo ekulinganiseni nasekuqondeni indawo, kanye ne-cochlear, edlala indima ekuzweni. Izinkinga ngale nerve zingabangela i-vertigo, i-tinnitus, noma ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa.
9. I-glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Inzwa ye-glossopharyngeal isebenza njengomthambo oxubile. Imisebenzi yayo yezinzwa ihlanganisa ukunambitheka engxenyeni yesithathu engemuva yolimi kanye nomuzwa ojwayelekile epharynx nasemathonsilini. Okwamanje, umsebenzi wayo wokunyakaza uhilela ukuhlanganyela enkambisweni yokugwinya. Le nzwa futhi isiza ekulawuleni ukukhishelwa kwamathe ngendlala ye-parotid. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwale nzwa kungathinta ikhono lokugwinya nokunambitha.
10. I-Vagus Nerve (X)
I-vagus nerve iyona nerve ende kakhulu futhi enamandla kakhulu ye-cranial, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-primary parasympathetic nerve ethinta izinhlelo zezitho zomzimba. I-vagus nerve ilawula imisebenzi eminingi yokuzimela, njengesigqi senhliziyo, ukugaya ukudla, kanye nokusabela komzimba. Ngenxa yemiphumela yayo ehlukahlukene, ukulimala kwe-vagus nerve kungaba nemiphumela ebanzi emzimbeni, kufaka phakathi ukushintsha kwezwi, ubunzima bokugwinya, kanye nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla.
11. Inzwa Yezesekeli (XI)
Inzwa ehambisanayo ngokuyinhloko iyinjini. Ivikela imisipha ye-sternocleidomastoid kanye ne-trapezius, ezisiza ekunyakaziseni intamo kanye nehlombe. Ukulimala kwale nzwa kungabangela ubuthakathaka ekunyakaziseni amahlombe noma ekuphenduleni ikhanda.
12. I-Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
I-hypoglossal nerve iyi-motor nerve elawula ukunyakaza kolimi. Le nerve idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumeni, ekugwinyeni nasekuhlafuneni. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-hypoglossal nerve kungabangela ubunzima bokukhuluma amagama nokugwinya, kanye nokuwohloka kwemisipha yolimi.
Emongweni wezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa zekhanda kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlolwa kwezinzwa. Ngokuqonda ukusebenza kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka kwenzwa ngayinye, odokotela bangahlonza izimo ezahlukene zezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa izimila zobuchopho, ukulimala kwekhanda, isifo sohlangothi, noma izifo eziwohlokayo. Ukuba khona kwezinkinga kulezi zinzwa kunganikeza nezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuxilongwa kwezifo zesistimu, njengesifo sikashukela, esingadala i-neuropathy.
Sekukonke, imizwa ye-cranial iyisici esibalulekile ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa futhi inemiphumela ebanzi yezokwelapha. Ukuqonda kahle imizwa ngayinye kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuxilonga nawokwelapha asebenza kahle futhi kuhlinzeke ngokuqonda okubalulekile ekusebenzisaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinhlelo zemizwa eziphakathi nezingaphandle. Imizwa ye-cranial iyibhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kobuchopho nobuso nentamo yethu, okusenza sikwazi ukuxhumana nomhlaba osizungezile ngempumelelo nangendlela ephumelelayo.
