Ifomula Yokuphazamisa Ukukhanya
Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kuyinto eyenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya amabili noma ngaphezulu ehlangana futhi exhumana, okukhiqiza iphethini yokusabalalisa amandla okukhanya engathuthukisa noma ibuthakathaka. Lesi simo singabonakala ezimweni ezahlukene, njengokuhlolwa okuphindwe kabili, ukuhlolwa kwefilimu encane, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphazamiseka kweMichelson. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemfundiso eyisisekelo yokuphazamiseka kokukhanya, amafomula ahlobene nokuphazamiseka, kanye nezicelo eziningana ezisebenzayo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Umbono Oyisisekelo Wokuphazamiseka Kokukhanya
Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya amabili ahambisanayo ehlangana. Amaza okukhanya kuthiwa ayahambisana uma enomehluko wesigaba oqhubekayo kanye nobude besikhathi obufanayo. Lapho amaza amabili ehlangana, ubukhulu obuphelele endaweni ngayinye buyisamba se-vector se-amplitudes yamaza amabili. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuphazamiseka:
1. Ukuphazamiseka Okwakhayo: Kwenzeka lapho isiqongo segagasi elilodwa sihlangana nesiqongo segagasi elinye, ukuze ubukhulu be-amplitude bube bukhulu. Ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo kukhiqiza izindawo ezikhanyayo kuphethini yokuphazamiseka.
2. Ukuphazamiseka Okubhubhisayo: Kwenzeka lapho ingxenye ephezulu yegagasi elilodwa ihlangana nomgudu wegagasi elinye, okuholela ekuphakameni okuncane noma ngisho nokungabi bikho. Ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo kudala izindawo ezimnyama kuphethini yokuphazamiseka.
Ifomula Yokuphazamisana Okuphindwe Kabili
Enye yezilingo zakudala ezibonisa ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya ukuhlolwa kwe-double-slit okwenziwe nguThomas Young ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Kulolu cwaningo, ukukhanya kudlula ezinsikeni ezimbili ezincane eziseduze, okukhiqiza iphethini yokuphazamiseka esikrinini ngemuva kwezinsika. Ifomula esetshenziswa ukubala izikhundla zamabhande okukhanya namnyama kuphethini yokuphazamiseka yile:
\[ d \sin \theta = n \lambda \] (yamabhande akhanyayo)
\[ d \sin \theta = (n + \frac{1}{2}) \lambda \] (yamabhande amnyama)
Di mana:
– d yibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili.
– θ yi-engeli eyakhiwe umugqa osuka endaweni evulekile uye endaweni ekhoneni esikrinini.
– n iwuhlelo lwemivimbo yokukhanya noma emnyama (n = 0, 1, 2, …).
– λ ubude besikhathi bokukhanya obusetshenziswayo.
Ifomula Yokuphazamisa Ezingqimbeni Ezincane
Ukuphazamiseka kungenzeka futhi kumafilimu amancane, njengamafilimu kawoyela emanzini noma amafilimu ensipho. Kulezi zimo, ukuphazamiseka kubangelwa ukukhanya okubonisa ebusweni bangaphambili nangemuva befilimu. Ubukhulu befilimu kanye nenkomba yokukhanya kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kunquma izimo zokuphazamiseka okwakhayo nokubhubhisayo. Ifomula evamile yokuphazamiseka kumafilimu amancane yile:
\[ 2t = (m + \frac{1}{2}) \frac{\lambda}{n} \] (ngokuphazamisa okwakhayo)
\[ 2t = m \frac{\lambda}{n} \] (ngokuphazamisa okubhubhisayo)
Di mana:
– u-t ubukhulu befilimu.
– m iyinombolo ephelele (0, 1, 2, …).
– λ ubude besikhathi bokukhanya.
– n iyinkomba yokubuka yefilimu encane.
I-Michelson Interferometer
I-interferometer kaMichelson iyithuluzi elisebenzisa isimiso sokuphazamiseka ukuze lilinganise ubude be-wavelength yokukhanya, izinguquko ze-refractive index, noma ubude be-optical ngokunemba okukhulu. I-interferometer iqukethe umthombo wokukhanya, isibuko esibonakalayo kancane (i-beam splitter), kanye nezibuko ezimbili ezibonisa ukukhanya. Ukukhanya okuvela emthonjeni kuhlukaniswa kube yimishayo emibili yi-beam splitter, eboniswa yizibuko ezimbili, bese kuhlanganiswa kabusha yi-beam splitter ukuze kwakhiwe iphethini yokuphazamiseka.
Ifomula eyisisekelo esetshenziswe ku-interferometer kaMichelson yile:
\[ \Delta L = m \lambda \]
Di mana:
– I-ΔL umehluko wobude bendlela yokukhanya phakathi kwemisebe emibili yokukhanya.
– m inani lamabhande okuphazamisa abonwayo.
– λ ubude besikhathi bokukhanya.
Izicelo Zokuphazamiseka Kokukhanya
Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje:
1. I-Precision Optics: Ukuphazamiseka kusetshenziswa kumathuluzi okulinganisa anembile kakhulu, njenge-interferometer kaMichelson, ukukala ubude bokukhanya, ukushintsha kwesigaba, kanye nobukhulu bamafilimu amancane.
2. Izembozo Zokuvimbela Ukukhanya: Amasu okuphazamisa asetshenziswa ukuklama izembozo zokuvimbela ukukhanya kumalensi ekhamera kanye nezibuko zamehlo. Lezi zembozo zinciphisa ukukhanya ngokudala ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo.
3. I-Spectroscopy: Ukuphazamiseka kusetshenziswa ku-Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) ukuhlaziya ububanzi bokukhanya okuboniswa noma okudluliselwa yisampula.
4. Ukuxhumana Okubonakalayo: Kubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic, ukuphazamiseka kusetshenziswa ukukala nokulawula ikhwalithi yezibonakaliso zokukhanya ezidluliselwa ngezintambo ezibonakalayo.
5. I-Holography: I-Holography iyindlela yokuthwebula izithombe esebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya ukuqopha nokukhiqiza kabusha izithombe ezinobukhulu obuthathu.
Isibonelo Senkinga Yokuphazamiseka Kokukhanya
Ukuze sicacise ukuqonda kwethu ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya, ake sibheke eminye imibuzo eyisibonelo:
Isibonelo Umbuzo 1: Ukuphazamiseka Okuphindwe Kabili
Njengoba ukukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-600 nm kudlula ezikhaleni ezimbili eziqhelelene ngo-0,5 mm, bala i-engeli yebhendi yokuqala ekhanyayo (n=1) esikrinini ekude kakhulu nezikhaleni.
Isixazululo:
Sebenzisa ifomula yokuphazamiseka okunezimbobo ezimbili kumabhande akhanyayo:
\[ d \isono \theta = n \lambda \]
Faka amanani aziwayo esikhundleni sawo:
\[ 0,5 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-3} \sin \theta = 1 \izikhathi eziyi-600 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-9} \]
\[ \sin \theta = \frac{600 \times 10^{-9}}{0,5 \times 10^{-3}} \]
\[ \sin \theta = 1,2 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-3} \]
\[ \theta \approx \arcsin(1,2 \times 10^{-3}) \approx 0,069 \text{ degrees} \]
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2: Ukuphazamiseka Kwefilimu Encane
Ifilimu encane enenkomba yokukhanya engu-1,5 kanye nobukhulu obungu-300 nm ibekwa phezu kwesisekelo. Bala ubude bokukhanya obudlula ekuphazamisekeni okwakhayo uma ukukhanya kuqondile kwifilimu.
Isixazululo:
Sebenzisa ifomula yokuphazamisa okwakhayo ezingqimbeni ezincane:
\[ 2t = (m + \frac{1}{2}) \frac{\lambda}{n} \]
Kokuphazamiseka kokuqala okwakhayo (m=0):
\[ 2 \izikhathi ezingu-300 \izikhathi ezingu-10^{-9} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{\lambda}{1,5} \]
\[ 600 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-9} = \frac{\lambda}{3} \]
\[ \lambda = 1800 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-9} \]
\[ \lambda = 600 \text{ nm} \]
Isiphetho
Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kuyinto ebalulekile ku-optical physics edlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kobuchwepheshe. Ngokuqonda amafomula ahlobene nokuphazamiseka kokukhanya, njengalawo asetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwe-double-slit, ukuphazamiseka kwe-thin-film, kanye ne-Michelson interferometer, singahlaziya futhi sisebenzise lesi simo ngezinjongo ezahlukene zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Lesi simo asisisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda uhlobo oluyisisekelo lokukhanya kodwa futhi sinikeza amathuluzi okusungula izinto ezintsha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusukela ku-precision optics kuya ekuxhumaneni kwe-optical kanye ne-holography.
