Ukusabela kwenyukliya yizinqubo lapho ama-nuclei e-athomu exhumana khona ukuze akhe ama-nuclei amasha noma izinhlayiya ezihlukene ze-subatomic. Enye yezinhlobo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu nezingaba zibalulekile zokusabela kwenyukliya yi-fusion. Ukusabela kwe-fusion kuyinqubo yokuhlanganisa ama-nuclei amabili akhanyayo abe yi-nucleus esindayo, ehambisana nokukhululwa kwamandla amaningi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zokusabela kwe-fusion, izibonelo emvelweni, ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka, kanye nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezibhekene nazo.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokusabela Okuhlanganisiwe
Ukusabela kokuhlangana kwenzeka lapho ama-nuclei amabili alula, njenge-hydrogen isotopes, esondela ngokwanele ukunqoba ukuxoshwa kwawo kwe-electrostatic futhi avumele amandla enuzi aqinile ukuwahlanganisa ndawonye abe yi-nucleus eyodwa, esindayo. Le nqubo ikhipha amandla ngoba isisindo se-nucleus ehlanganisiwe esivelayo singaphansi kwesisindo esiphelele se-nuclei ehlanganisiwe, ngokuvumelana nesibalo esidumile sika-Albert Einstein, E = mc2Amandla akhishwayo abangelwa ukuntuleka kwesisindo okuguqulwe kube amandla.
Ukusabela Kokuhlanganiswa Emvelweni: Ilanga Nezinkanyezi
ILanga nezinye izinkanyezi ziyizibonelo zemvelo zokusabela kokuhlangana. Ingaphakathi lenkanyezi liqukethe i-plasma emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kanye nokucindezela, izimo ezifanelekile zokwenzeka kokusabela kokuhlangana. Elangeni, inqubo eyinhloko yokuhlangana ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen nuclei ibe yi-helium nge-proton chain reaction. Lolu chungechunge lokusabela lungafingqwa ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kweProton-Proton: Amaphrotoni amabili ahlangana akhe i-deuterium (i-isotope ye-hydrogen ene-proton eyodwa ne-neutron eyodwa), i-positron, kanye ne-neutrino.
- Ukubanjwa kwe-Neutron: I-proton yesithathu ihlangana ne-deuterium ukuze yakhe i-helium-3 (ama-proton amabili kanye ne-neutron eyodwa).
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Helium-3: Ama-nuclei amabili e-helium-3 ayahlangana akhe i-helium-4 (ama-proton amabili nama-neutron amabili) bese ekhulula ama-proton amabili abuyele ku-plasma.
Isinyathelo ngasinye kule nqubo sikhipha amandla amaningi ngesimo semisebe ye-gamma, enikeza amandla ezinkanyezi ukuze zikhanye futhi zisekele ukuphila eMhlabeni.
Ukusetshenziswa Okungenzeka Kwe-Fusion Reactions
Amandla akhishwa yi-fusion reactions makhulu kakhulu futhi anesithembiso njengomthombo wamandla wesikhathi esizayo ohlanzekile, cishe ongenamkhawulo. Ezinye izindlela ezingase zisetshenziswe ze-fusion reactions zifaka:
- Isikhungo Sikagesi EsihlanganisiweAma-reactor e-fusion angakhiqiza ugesi ngaphandle kokukhiqiza amagesi okushisa noma imfucuza yemisebe yesikhathi eside. Ama-reactor e-fusion afana nama-tokamaks nama-stellarator ayathuthukiswa ukuze asebenzise kahle amandla e-fusion.
- Ukuqhutshwa Kwesikhala: Amandla aphezulu akhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-fusion angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokunyakaza emkhathini, okwenza ukuhamba phakathi kwezinkanyezi kube isikhathi esifushane kunezindlela ezivamile.
- Ezokwelapha Nocwaningo: Ukusabela kwe-fusion kungakhiqiza ama-isotope anemisebe asetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ngenyukliya ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi ukutadisha isakhiwo se-nucleus ye-athomu.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nokuhlolwa kwe-Fusion Reactor
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ekusebenziseni ukusabela kwe-fusion ukudala nokugcina izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokusabela kwe-fusion okuqhubekayo. Obunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ngale njongo buhlanganisa:
- Tokamak: I-tokamak iyithuluzi elibunjwe njenge-torus elisebenzisa amasimu kazibuthe ukuqukatha i-plasma eshisayo. I-ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) yiphrojekthi enkulu kunazo zonke yamazwe ngamazwe i-tokamak ehlose ukufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nesayensi njengomthombo wamandla.
- I-Stellator: I-stellarator ingenye idivayisi esebenzisa amasimu kazibuthe ukulawula i-plasma, kodwa ene-geometry eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-tokamak. I-Wendelstein 7-X ingenye ye-stellarator ezinkulu kakhulu ezisebenza futhi zenza izivivinyo njengamanje.
- I-Fusion InertiaLe ndlela isebenzisa ama-pellets amancane kaphethiloli wokuhlanganisa aqhunyiswa ngama-laser noma imisebe ye-ion ukuze acindezelwe futhi ashiswe afinyelele amazinga okushisa kanye nezingcindezi ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe. I-National Ignition Facility (NIF) e-United States ingenye yezikhungo ezihamba phambili ezihlola le ndlela.
Izinselele Ekuphenduleni Okuhlanganisiwe
Nakuba ukusabela kwe-fusion kunikeza amandla amakhulu, kunezinselele eziningana ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe okudingeka zinqotshwe:
- Izinga Lokushisa EliphezuluUkusabela kwe-fusion kudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, amashumi ezigidi zama-degree Celsius, ukuze kunqotshwe amandla axoshayo phakathi kwama-nuclei e-athomu. Ukugcina lawa mazinga okushisa isikhathi eside kuyinselele enkulu.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-PlasmaI-Plasma, ingxube eshisayo kakhulu yamagesi ane-ionized, kunzima ukuyilawula futhi idinga amasimu kazibuthe aqinile futhi azinzile. Ukuvuza kwe-plasma kanye nokungazinzi kwamagnetic kungabangela ukusabela kwe-fusion ukuthi kungaphumeleli.
- Okokhelekayo: Ama-isotope e-hydrogen afana ne-deuterium ne-tritium angamafutha avamile asetshenziswa kuma-reactor e-fusion. Nakuba i-deuterium itholakala kalula emanzini olwandle, i-tritium kunzima ukuyithola futhi kumele ikhiqizwe ku-reactor ngokwayo, ngokuvamile ngokusabela ne-lithium.
- Izinto Ezimelana NokushisaIzinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-reactor e-fusion kumele zikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kanye nemisebe. Ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha ezikwazi ukumelana nalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu kuyindawo esebenzayo yocwaningo.
Ikusasa Lokusabela Kokuhlanganiswa
Naphezu kwezinselele ezinkulu, ucwaningo nentuthuko emkhakheni we-fusion reactions luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha. Ezinye zentuthuko zakamuva ezinikeza ithemba ngekusasa le-fusion energy zifaka:
- ITERIphrojekthi ye-ITER iwumzamo wokubambisana wamazwe ngamazwe ohlose ukufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlanganiswa njengomthombo wamandla kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi. Uma iphumelela, i-ITER ingasebenza njengesibonelo sezinto zokukhiqiza ze-fusion zesikhathi esizayo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe ObushaUbuchwepheshe obusha obufana nama-superconductor okushisa okuphezulu kanye nemiklamo ye-reactor entsha ihlolwa futhi ithuthukiswa njalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuzinza kwama-reactor e-fusion.
- Ukutshalwa Kwezimali KwangaseseNgaphezu kwemizamo kahulumeni, izinkampani ezizimele nazo seziqala ukutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-fusion reactor. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Commonwealth Fusion Systems kanye ne-TAE Technologies zisebenza kubuchwepheshe be-compact fusion obusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Ukusabela kwe-fusion kunikeza amandla amakhulu njengomthombo wamandla wesikhathi esizayo ohlanzekile futhi ongenamkhawulo. Nakuba izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezibhekene nazo zinkulu kakhulu, intuthuko eqhubekayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni inikeza ithemba lokuthi ukusabela kwe-fusion ngolunye usuku kuzoba ngokoqobo. Njengoba kunezibopho zomhlaba wonke ekusimeni nasekuqineni kwamandla ahlanzekile, ukusabela kwe-fusion kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zamandla zesikhathi esizayo zomhlaba.
