Ukusabela Kokuhlanganiswa: Umthombo Wamandla Wesikhathi Esizayo
Ukusabela kokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear kungenye yezinkambu ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezingaba yinguquko enkulu kwi-physics yanamuhla. Kalula nje, ukusabela kokuhlanganiswa yinqubo lapho ama-nuclei amabili alula e-athomu ehlangana khona ukuze akhe i-nucleus esindayo, ehambisana nokukhululwa kwamandla amaningi. Nakuba ukusabela kokuhlanganiswa sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ososayensi, inselele yezobuchwepheshe yokuzilawula njengomthombo wamandla ophephile noqhubekayo isalokhu ingumgomo obalulekile emhlabeni wonke.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokusabela Okuhlanganisiwe
Ekuhlanganisweni kwenuzi, ama-nuclei amabili e-athomu, ngokuvamile ama-isotope e-hydrogen njenge-deuterium ne-tritium, ashayisana ngesivinini esikhulu kangangokuthi amandla kagesi avame ukuwahlukanisa ayanqotshwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-nuclei amabili ayahlangana ukuze akhe i-nucleus ye-helium kanye ne-neutron yamahhala, ngokukhishwa kwamandla amakhulu. Lawa mandla akhiqizwa ngokusekelwe kusimiso sika-Einstein i-E=mc², lapho noma yisiphi isisindo esilahlekile kule nqubo siguqulwa sibe amandla.
Ukusabela okuvame kakhulu kwe-fusion okwenziwa njengamanje kwezicelo zamandla ukusabela phakathi kwe-deuterium ne-tritium:
²H + ³H → ⁴He + n + 17.6 MeV
Lokhu kusabela kukhiqiza i-helium-4 ezinzile kanye nama-neutron anamandla aphelele angaba ngu-17,6 MeV (ama-volts ama-electron angu-Mega).
Amandla Okuhlanganiswa Kwamandla
Inzuzo eyinhloko yamandla akhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-fusion ukuthi isivuno sawo esikhulu samandla. Igremu elilodwa likaphethiloli we-fusion lingakhiqiza okulingana nokushiswa kwamathani amaningana kaphethiloli wezinto zasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphethiloli wokusabela kwe-fusion, i-deuterium ne-tritium, uningi kakhulu. I-Deuterium ingatholakala emanzini olwandle, kanti i-tritium ingakhiqizwa nge-lithium, nayo eningi oqweqweni loMhlaba.
Amandla okuhlanganisa nawo anezinye izinzuzo ezibalulekile, njengokungakhiqizi amagesi okushisa noma ezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya, ngokungafani nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa uphethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kokuhlanganisa akukhiqizi inani elikhulu lemfucuza yemisebe yesikhathi eside njenge-fission reactors. Lokhu kwenza amandla okuhlanganisa abe yinto enamandla yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla zesikhathi esizayo zomhlaba ezikhulayo ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo.
Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Bokuhlanganiswa
Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu okuhlanganisa amandla, izinselele zobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela okumelwe zinqotshwe ziyinkimbinkimbi. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ukufeza izimo lapho ukusabela kokuhlanganisa kungaqhubeka khona ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ephumelelayo. Lokhu kudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu (amashumi kuya kumakhulu ezigidi zama-degree Celsius) ukuze kunqotshwe ukuxoshwa kukagesi phakathi kwe-nuclei ye-athomu.
Ukuze kufezwe amazinga okushisa adingekayo kanye nezingcindezi, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ezithuthukiswayo: i-inertial thermonuclear fusion kanye ne-magnetically controlled thermonuclear fusion.
1. I-Inertial Fusion: Kule ndlela, ama-pellet amancane kaphethiloli (ngokuvamile i-deuterium-tritium) adutshulwa ngezindlela eziningi ngama-laser noma imisebe ye-ion enamandla. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu kanye namazinga okushisa kubangela ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear. Nakuba kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwale nqubo kanye nokulawulwa kokusabela kuseyinselele.
2. I-Magnetic Fusion: Le ndlela isebenzisa insimu enamandla yamagnetic ukuvala i-plasma eshisayo kudivayisi emise okwe-torus njenge-tokamak noma i-stellarator. Insimu yamagnetic isebenza ukugcina i-plasma izinzile futhi isezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu elidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane ne-fusion. Iphrojekthi ye-ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) eYurophu ingenye yemizamo emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe egxile kule ndlela. I-ITER tokamak ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi i-magnetic fusion ingakhiqiza amandla amaningi kunalawo adingekayo ukuze kuqaliswe ukusabela.
Intuthuko Yamuva Namaphrojekthi
I-ITER ingenye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu futhi anesifiso esikhulu okwenziwa njengamanje. Ngokusekelwa okuvela emazweni angaphezu kwama-30, i-ITER ihlose ukuba yisilingo sokuqala sokuhlanganiswa esifinyelela "ekushiseni" - indawo lapho ukusabela kokuhlanganiswa kukhiqiza amandla amaningi kunalawo asetshenziswayo. Nakuba i-ITER ingakasebenzi ngokugcwele, iphrojekthi yenza intuthuko enkulu futhi kulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukwenza izivivinyo ezisebenzayo maphakathi nawo-2020.
Ngaphezu kwe-ITER, amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene kanye nezinkampani ezizimele zisebenza ekuthuthukiseni amandla okuhlanganisa. Isibonelo, e-United States, i-National Ignition Facility (NIF) eLawrence Livermore National Laboratory isebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa i-inertial enama-laser anamandla aphezulu. Ngokufanayo, eYurophu, i-Joint European Torus (JET) isebenza njengendawo yokucwaninga nokuhlola eyinhloko ye-ITER.
Emkhakheni ozimele, izinkampani ezifana ne-TAE Technologies, i-General Fusion, kanye ne-Commonwealth Fusion Systems zilandela izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula izinselele zokuhlanganisa. Izindlela ezintsha, njengokusebenzisa ukucushwa okusha kwensimu yamagnetic noma amasu obunjiniyela bezinto ezithuthukisiwe, ziyaqhubeka nokuhlolwa.
Ikusasa Le-Fusion Energy
Izibikezelo zokuthi amandla okuhlanganiswa azoba nini umthombo wamandla okuhweba ophumelelayo ziyahlukahluka. Ukuthemba kuye kwakhula ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezifundo ezifundwe ekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini, kodwa abaningi bathi kungenzeka ukuthi sisasele amashumi eminyaka ukuthi sisetshenziswe kwezentengiselwano.
Naphezu kwezinselele, izinzuzo ezingavamile zamandla okuhlanganiswa njengomthombo wamandla ohlanzekile futhi cishe ongenamkhawulo zenza kube umgomo obalulekile wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu afana ne-ITER abonisa ukuzibophezela komhlaba wonke ekutholeni izixazululo zamandla ezingathatha indawo yamafutha emvelo futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo zamandla zesikhathi esizayo ngendlela eqhubekayo.
Njengezwe elithuthukayo elinezidingo zamandla ezikhula ngokushesha, i-Indonesia nayo inendima engaba khona ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kungavula indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwamandla okuhlanganisa engqalasizinda yamandla kazwelonke esikhathini esizayo.
Amandla okuhlanganisa akuwona nje iphupho, kodwa umsebenzi osiholela ekusaseni eliqhakazile, elihlanzekile, nelihlala isikhathi eside. Ngomsebenzi onzima kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo, ukusabela kokuhlanganisa kungaba yimpendulo yezidingo zamandla zomhlaba emakhulwini eminyaka ezayo.
