Indima Yezengqondo Ekuthuthukisweni Kwenqubomgomo Yomphakathi
Inqubomgomo yomphakathi ivame ukuqondwa njengomkhiqizo wezinto ezicatshangelwayo kwezepolitiki, ezomnotho, kanye nezomthetho. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwemithethonqubo kahulumeni, izinhlelo, kanye nezinsizakalo kulele isici esivame ukunquma impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kwazo: ukuziphatha kwabantu. Yilapho i-psychology idlala khona indima ebalulekile. I-Psychology—ukutadisha ingqondo, imizwa, isisusa, kanye nokuziphatha—kuhlinzeka ngohlaka lokuqonda ukuthi izakhamuzi zisabela kanjani ezinqubweni, ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zenza kanjani izinqumo, nokuthi ukuxhumana kukahulumeni kuthinta kanjani ukwethenjwa komphakathi kanye nokuthobela imithetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ye-psychology ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekuhlolweni, futhi siqokomisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhakheni eyahlukene.
1. Kungani inqubomgomo yomphakathi idinga i-psychology?
Empeleni, inqubomgomo yomphakathi ayisetshenziswa "abadlali abanengqondo" abahlala bebala izindleko nezinzuzo ngendlela efanele. Izakhamuzi zinolwazi olulinganiselwe, ukucwasa kwengqondo, imikhuba, ingcindezi yomphakathi, kanye nemizwa ethonya izinqumo zazo. Isibonelo, izakhamuzi zingase zilibale ukukhokha intela hhayi ngoba zephula umthetho ngamabomu, kodwa ngoba ziyakhohlwa, zididekile ngenqubo, noma zithole inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, kunqubomgomo yezempilo, izincomo zokugoma noma ukuvimbela izifo zivame ukuhlangana nokwesaba, ulwazi olungelona iqiniso, kanye nokucindezela kontanga.
I-Psychology isiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo ukuvala igebe phakathi “kwezinqubomgomo ezisephepheni” kanye “nokuziphatha kwangempela phansi.” Ngokuqonda indlela abantu abacubungula ngayo ulwazi futhi benze izinqumo, ohulumeni bangakha izinqubomgomo ezingokoqobo, ezisebenzayo, nezinobuntu.
2. Ingqondo kanye nomklamo wokuziphatha (ukuqonda kokuziphatha)
Enye yeminikelo eqashelwa kakhulu yezengqondo kwinqubomgomo yomphakathi yindlela yokuqonda ukuziphatha, esebenzisa kakhulu i-cognitive psychology kanye nezomnotho zokuziphatha. Igxile ekuqondeni ukuthi umongo uthonya kanjani izinqumo zabantu bese uklama izindawo zokuthatha izinqumo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuziphatha okufiselekayo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ngokweqile.
Isibonelo umqondo wokugudluza—ukugudluza okucashile ngokuklama okukhethayo. Isibonelo:
– Ukwenza inketho “yokunikela ngezitho zomzimba” kube yinto ezenzakalelayo (ngenkathi kusavunyelwe inkululeko yokwenqaba) kuye kwabonakala kukhulisa amazinga okuhlanganyela emazweni amaningana.
– Ukuthumela izikhumbuzo ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni zomphakathi njengokuthi “iningi lezakhamuzi endaweni yakini likhokhe intela yalo ngesikhathi” kungandisa ukuthobela imithetho yokukhokha.
– Ukwenza lula amafomu osizo lomphakathi kungandisa ukufinyelela kwabahlali ababenobunzima bokuqonda izidingo ngaphambilini.
Empeleni, inqubomgomo ayigcini nje ngokuthi “okulungile”, kodwa futhi “indlela yokwenza kube lula ukukwenza”.
3. Indima yesayensi yezengqondo ekukhulumisaneni ngenqubomgomo kanye nokwethenjwa komphakathi
Ngisho nezinqubomgomo ezinhle zingahluleka uma zingaxhunyaniswa kahle. Ukuxhumana kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwezenhlalo kusiza ohulumeni ukuthi bakhe imiyalezo ecacile, ekholisayo, futhi ezwela amasiko. Izimiso eziningana eziphathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo:
1. Ukucaca kanye nomthwalo wokuqonda
Izakhamuzi zivame ukulandela izinqubomgomo ezethulwa ngolimi olulula, ngezinyathelo eziqondile, futhi ngaphandle kolwazi oluningi. Imiyalezo yobuchwepheshe ngokweqile yandisa umthwalo wokuqonda futhi ibangele ukumelana noma ukudideka.
2. Ukuhlela (ukuhlela imiyalezo)
Indlela umyalezo ohlelwe ngayo iyayithonya impendulo. Isimemo sokuthi kwenziwe okuthile, esithi "Gqoka imaski ukuze uvikele umndeni wakho," sivame ukuba namandla kakhulu kunokuthi "Gqoka imaski ukuze ugweme ukuhlawuliswa," ngoba sithinta izindinganiso zobuntu kanye nobunikazi.
3. Ukwethembana kanye nokuba semthethweni
I-Psychology ikhombisa ukuthi ukuthobela umthetho komphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu nokwethembana ezikhungweni. Ukucaca, ukuvumelana kwemiyalezo, kanye nokuzimisela ukuvuma ukungaqiniseki kungathuthukisa ukuba semthethweni.
4. Ukuphatha ulwazi olungelona iqiniso
Esikhathini sedijithali, ukusabalala kolwazi olungalungile kungaphazamisa ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo. I-Psychology isiza ekwakheni amasu angaphambi kokufihla kanye nokuveza amaqiniso ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukumelana namanga.
4. I-Psychology ekuhlaziyweni kwezidingo kanye nokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo
Ngaphambi kokuklama izinhlelo, uhulumeni udinga ukuqonda ngokujulile izidingo zezakhamuzi zakhe. I-Psychology inikeza amasu okudweba amamephu okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela: izingxoxo ezijulile, ukubonwa, izinhlolovo zesimo sengqondo, kanye nokudweba amamephu ezithiyo zokuziphatha. Le ndlela isiza izinqubomgomo ukuthi ziqondiswe kakhulu.
Isibonelo, ekunciphiseni ubumpofu, usizo lwemali lulodwa lungase lunganeli uma izithiyo eziyinhloko ziwukucindezeleka okungapheli, imizwa yokungabi namandla, noma ukuntuleka kokusekelwa komphakathi. I-Psychology ingaveza izici zengqondo ezithonya ikhono lomuntu lokusebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, njengokuzethemba, ulwazi lwezezimali, noma ukuqina kwengqondo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-psychology yokuthuthukiswa ibalulekile ezinqubweni eziqondiswe ezinganeni nasebancane. Izinhlelo zemfundo yezingane zakuqala, ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, noma izinqubomgomo zokudla kwesikole zizosebenza kangcono uma zihambisana nezigaba zokukhula kwezingane nezidingo zengqondo.
5. Ingqondo yenhlangano ekusetshenzisweni kwenqubomgomo
Izinselele zenqubomgomo zivame ukuvela ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo luhlelwe kahle kangakanani, impumelelo yalo incike ezikhulwini eziqalisa ukusebenza: izikhulu zikahulumeni, othisha, abasebenzi bezempilo, amaphoyisa, abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle, njalo njalo. Yilapho i-psychology yenhlangano idlala khona indima ebalulekile.
Ezinye izihloko ezibalulekile zifaka:
– Isisusa somsebenzi kanye nezisusa: Izisusa ezisekelwe kuphela ezinombolweni zingabangela ukuziphatha "kokuhlangabezana nezinjongo" futhi zinciphise ikhwalithi yesevisi. I-Psychology isiza ukuklama izinhlelo zesisusa ezilinganisela ukusebenza kanye nenani lenkonzo yomphakathi.
– Isiko lenhlangano: Isiko le-bureaucratic elesaba ukwenza amaphutha lingaphazamisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha. Ukungenelela kwengqondo kungakhuthaza isiko lokufunda, ukuhlola, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo.
– Ukukhathala kanye nenhlalakahle yabasebenzi: Izinqubomgomo eziningi zenkonzo yomphakathi zidinga abasebenzi basensimini ukuthi basebenze ngaphansi kwengcindezi. I-Psychology isiza ekuthuthukiseni ukwesekwa kwengqondo, ukuqapha, kanye nokuphathwa kokucindezeleka ukuze kugcinwe izinsizakalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Uma isici sobuntu se-bureaucracy singanakwa, izinqubomgomo zisengozini yokungaqaliswa, ukusetshenziswa kabi, noma ukubangela ukunganeliseki komphakathi.
6. I-Psychology ekuhlolweni kwenqubomgomo: kusukela ekuphumeni kuya emthonjeni wokuziphatha
Ukuhlolwa kwenqubomgomo kuvame ukugxila ezibalweni zomkhiqizo: ukuthi kunikezwe usizo olungakanani, kwakhiwa izikole ezingaki, noma ukuthi kuqeqeshwe kangakanani. I-Psychology yengeza isici esibalulekile: ingabe lolu hlelo lushintshe ngempela ukuziphatha, izimo zengqondo, kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila?
Izindlela zokuhlola ezisekelwe kwi-psychology zingafaka:
– Ukulinganisa izinguquko ezimweni zengqondo zomphakathi kanye nemibono.
- Ukwaneliseka kwesevisi kanye nocwaningo lwesipiliyoni somsebenzisi.
– Ukuhlolwa okulawulwayo (isib. ukuhlolwa kwemiyalezo yokuxhumana ehlukene).
- Ukuhlolwa komthelela empilweni yengqondo, umuzwa wokuphepha kanye nokubumbana komphakathi.
Ngale ndlela, izinqubomgomo azigcini nje ngokwahlulelwa “ngokwenza kukahulumeni”, kodwa “ngokuthi izakhamuzi zizizwa kanjani futhi zibhekana nani”.
7. Izicelo zangempela emikhakheni eyahlukene
Indima yesayensi yezengqondo iyabonakala emikhakheni eyahlukene yenqubomgomo:
1. Impilo: ukwandisa ukunamathela emithini, ukunciphisa ukubhema, ukushintsha ukudla, kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakalo zezempilo ngokusebenzisa imfundo efanele kanye nokungenelela kokuziphatha.
2. Imfundo: ukuklama ikharikhulamu enaka isisusa sokufunda, inciphise ukukhathazeka ngezivivinyo, ikhulise ukuzibandakanya kwabafundi, futhi yakhe isimo sesikole esiphephile.
3. Ukuphepha kwethrafikhi: imikhankaso yokuphepha esekelwe ekuqondeni izingozi, imikhuba, kanye nethonya lomphakathi; ukwakheka komgwaqo okucabangela ukuziphatha komshayeli.
4. Indawo ezungezile: khuthaza ukuziphatha okonga amandla kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza ngempendulo, izindinganiso zomphakathi, kanye nokufinyelela kalula.
5. Umthetho nokuphepha: izindlela zobulungiswa bokubuyisela esimweni esijwayelekile, ukuvimbela udlame olusekelwe emphakathini, kanye namasu okususa ubandlululo oluhambisana nobuntu obuhlukile acabangela ubunikazi bomphakathi nezidingo zengqondo.
8. Izinselele zokuziphatha: phakathi kokusebenza kahle kanye nokuphathwa kabi
Nakuba kuzuzisa, ukusetshenziswa kwengqondo enqubweni yomphakathi kumele kuhambisane nezimiso zokuziphatha. Ukungenelela kokuziphatha kungabhekwa njengokukhohlisa uma kungacacile noma uma kuzuzisa amaqembu athile. Ngakho-ke, izimiso ezibalulekile okufanele zilandelwe zifaka:
– Ukucaca kwezinhloso zokungenelela.
– Ukuvikelwa kwedatha kanye nobumfihlo.
– Ubulungiswa kanye nokubandakanya wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini.
– Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo.
I-psychology esetshenziswa ngendlela yokuziphatha izoqinisa intando yeningi futhi ithuthukise inhlalakahle, hhayi nje ukulawula ukuziphatha.
Isiphetho
I-Psychology idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi ngoba inqubomgomo ekugcineni ibhekana nabantu—indlela abacabanga ngayo, abazizwa ngayo, abanquma ngayo, nabenza ngayo izinto. Ngokusebenzisa i-psychology, ohulumeni bangakha izinqubomgomo ezilula ukuziqonda, ezikholekayo, ezisetshenziswa ngempumelelo, futhi ezihlolwa ngokunembile ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wazo wangempela ekuziphatheni kwabantu kanye nenhlalakahle yabo. Phakathi kwezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nezinkinga zezempilo, ulwazi olungesilo iqiniso, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlanganisa i-psychology kunqubomgomo yomphakathi akuseyona into eyengeziwe, kodwa kuyisidingo esibalulekile sokukhiqiza izinqubomgomo ezisebenza ngempela ezweni langempela.
