Izinhlobo Zobuntu Ngokusho Kwethiyori Yezengqondo
Ubuntu bungenye yezici ezithakazelisayo neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zobuntu bomuntu. Ku-psychology, ubuntu buyiqoqo lezimpawu nezici ezihlukanisa umuntu komunye nomunye. Izazi zengqondo nabacwaningi bathuthukise imibono ehlukahlukene ukuze baqonde futhi bahlukanise izinhlobo zobuntu. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana yobuntu enethonya kanye nezinhlobo zobuntu ezichazwayo.
1. Ithiyori Yohlobo Lobuntu kaHippocrates noGalen
Igama elithi 'ubuntu' belilokhu likhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi enye yezinkolelo-mbono ezindala kakhulu zobuntu yileyo kaHippocrates noGalen. Bahlukanisa ubuntu ngokusekelwe ezinhlakeni ezine zomzimba, noma amahlaya, ababekholelwa ukuthi abusa kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Lezi zinhlobo ezine zobuntu yilezi:
1. Abantu abane-Sanguine: Abantu abanalolu hlobo lobuntu babuswa yigazi (sanguine). Bavame ukuba nethemba, abakhuthele, abanobungane, futhi abajabule. Abantu abane-Sanguine bavame ukuba nobudlelwano nabantu futhi bayakujabulela ukuxhumana nabantu.
2. Ukudabuka: Lolu hlobo lubuswa yi-black bile (i-melancholia). Abantu abanobuntu bokudabuka bavame ukubhekwa njengabacabangayo, abaqotho, nabagxile emininingwaneni. Bangaba ngabantu abathule futhi bathambekele emizweni yokudabuka noma yokucindezeleka.
3. I-Choleric: Uketshezi oluvelele kulolu hlobo yinyongo ephuzi. Abantu abane-Choleric bangabaholi bemvelo, abanesibindi, abanesibindi, futhi bavame ukuba nenkani. Ngokuvamile banenjongo kakhulu futhi banesisusa.
4. I-Phlegm: I-Phlegm noma i-mucus ibusa lolu hlobo. Abantu abane-Phlegm bavame ukuba nokuthula, ukuthula, ukuphumula, nokuthanda ukuthula. Bathanda ukuzinza futhi bakhetha ukuzwana ebudlelwaneni babo.
2. Ithiyori Yokuhlaziya Ingqondo kaSigmund Freud
Ithiyori kaSigmund Freud yokuhlaziya ingqondo ingenye yezindlela ezithonya kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwengqondo. UFreud waphakamisa ukuthi ubuntu buqukethe izakhiwo ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-id, i-ego, kanye ne-superego, ezihlala zixhumana.
1. Id: Le ngxenye iyisitsha semvelo yasendulo kanye nezifiso zezinto eziphilayo ezifuna ukwaneliseka okusheshayo ngaphandle kokunaka iqiniso noma ukuziphatha.
2. I-Ego: I-ego isebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi kwe-id kanye ne-superego. Isebenza ngesimiso sangempela futhi ifuna ukwanelisa izidingo ze-id ngendlela engokoqobo neyamukelekayo emphakathini.
3. I-Superego: Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe yizindinganiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha ezifundiswa abazali nomphakathi. I-superego ihlose ukulawula izifiso zobuntu ezingase zingamukeleki.
Ngokusho kukaFreud, ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-id, i-ego, ne-superego kwakheka ubuntu bomuntu kanye nokuziphatha kwansuku zonke.
3. Ithiyori Yokuthuthukiswa Kwengqondo Nomphakathi ngu-Erik Erikson
U-Erik Erikson wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo equkethe izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili zokuphila, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekugugeni. Isigaba ngasinye sihilela inkinga noma inselele umuntu okumele ayinqobe ukuze athuthuke kahle. Ubuntu bukhula ngokuxazululwa kwalezi zinkinga.
1. Ukwethembana vs. Ukungathembi: Isigaba sobuntwana, lapho ingane ifunda khona ukwethemba noma ukungathembi abantu abaseduze kwayo.
2. Ukuzimela vs. Ihlazo Nokungabaza: Isigaba sobuntwana, lapho izingane zifunda khona ukuzimela noma zizizwe zinamahloni ngokwehluleka kwazo.
3. Ukuqala isinyathelo vs. Umuzwa Wecala: Isigaba sasenkulisa, lapho izingane ziqala khona ukuhlela imisebenzi nokuzama izindima zomphakathi.
4. Imboni vs. Ukungabalulekile: Isigaba sesikole samabanga aphansi, lapho izingane ziqala khona ukuzihlola zona kanye namakhono azo maqondana nokufunda kanye nomsebenzi.
5. Ubunikazi vs. Ukudideka Kobunikazi: Isigaba sobusha, lapho abantu bezama ukuthola ukuthi bangobani ngempela nokuthi iyini injongo yabo empilweni.
6. Ukusondelana vs. Ukuzihlukanisa: Isigaba sobudala obusha, esihilela ukwakha ubuhlobo obuseduze nabanye noma ukuzizwa unesizungu.
7. Ukuzala vs. Ukungasebenzi: Isigaba sobudala obuphakathi, lapho abantu befuna ukushiya ifa elihle noma umthelela emhlabeni.
8. Ubuqotho vs. Ukuphelelwa Yithemba: Isigaba sokukhula sekwephuzile esihilela ukucabanga ngempilo kanye nemizwa yokuzisola noma yokwaneliseka ngezinto ozifezile.
4. Ithiyori Yohlobo Lobuntu ye-MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
I-MBTI ingenye yezindlela zokulinganisa ubuntu ezaziwa kakhulu, ngokusekelwe kumbono kaCarl Jung wobuntu. I-MBTI ihlukanisa ubuntu ngezinhlobo ezingu-16 ngokusekelwe ezicini ezine eziyinhloko:
1. Ukuzihlukanisa nabanye (E) vs. Ukuzihlukanisa nabanye (I): Ukugxila kwamandla omuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kugxile kakhulu ezweni langaphandle (E) noma langaphakathi (I).
2. Ukuzwa (S) vs. Ukuzwa (N): Indlela umuntu abona ngayo ulwazi, kungaba ngamaqiniso aqondile (S) noma ngokungabonakali nangokuqonda (N).
3. Ukucabanga (T) vs. Ukuzizwa (F): Isisekelo sokwenza izinqumo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusekelwe ekucabangeni nasemaqinisweni (T) noma emizweni nasezindinganisweni zomuntu siqu (F).
4. Ukwahlulela (J) vs. Ukuqonda (P): Izintandokazi zendlela yokuphila, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlelekile futhi zihlelekile (J) noma ziguquguquka futhi zizenzekela (P).
Izibonelo zezinhlobo ze-MBTI yi-INFJ, ENTP, ISTJ, njalo njalo. Inhlanganisela ngayinye ikhiqiza iphrofayili yobuntu ehlukile.
5. Ithiyori Enkulu Yesihlanu
I-Big Five Theory iwuhlaka lobuntu olwamukelwa kabanzi kwisayensi yezengqondo yesimanje. Lezi zici ezinhlanu yilezi:
1. Ukuvuleleka: Kuhlanganisa izici ezifana nokuba nombono oqanjiwe, ubuciko, nokuvuleleka emibonweni emisha kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho.
2. Ukuqaphela (Ukuqaphela): Ngokuphathelene nezici ezifana nokuphikelela, ukuhleleka, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo.
3. Ukuzikhukhumeza: Kuhlanganisa izici ezifana nokuxhumana nabantu, amandla, kanye nokukhuluma.
4. Ukuvumelana (Ontanga-Ku-Ontanga): Kuhlanganisa izici ezifana nobungane, ukukhathalela, kanye nokuphana.
5. I-Neuroticism: Ihlanganisa izici ezifana nokukhathazeka, ukuzwela ngokomzwelo, nokudabuka.
Umuntu ngamunye unezinga elihlukile lalezi zici ezinhlanu, okudala inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yobuntu.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda izinhlobo zobuntu ngokusebenzisa imibono eyahlukene yengqondo kusisiza siqonde ubunzima bemvelo yomuntu. Ithiyori ngayinye inikeza umbono oyingqayizivele namathuluzi okuhlaziya awusizo okutadisha ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kanye nezici. Kusukela ekuphuzeni komzimba wasendulo kuya ezintweni zanamuhla ezifana nethiyori ye-Big Five, konke kudlala indima ekukhuliseni ulwazi lwethu ngobuntu bomuntu. Ngokuqonda ubuntu, singaba nokuqonda okwengeziwe ekuxhumaneni nabantu, ekuzithuthukiseni, ngisho nasezindaweni zomsebenzi.
