Inqubo Yokushintshana Nokuthuthwa Kwezinto
Ukushintshana nokuthuthwa kwezinto kuyisici esiyisisekelo sebhayoloji esenzeka kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene eziqinisekisa ukuthi amangqamuzana nezicubu zithola izakhamzimba ezidingekayo futhi zingasusa imikhiqizo yemfucuza ye-metabolic. Lesi sihloko sizohlola kahle ukuthi ukushintshana nokuthuthwa kwezinto kwenzeka kanjani emazingeni eseli kanye nesistimu ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo empilweni nasezifweni.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yokushintshana Kwezidakamizwa
Ukushintshana kwezinto kuyinqubo lapho izinto eziphilayo zithatha khona izinto ezidingekayo endaweni yazo bese zikhipha ezingadingekile. Le nqubo ihilela izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-molecule, njengegesi (i-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide), izakhamzimba, kanye nemikhiqizo engcolile. Ezingeni lamaseli, ukushintshana kwezinto kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko nge-membrane yeseli engangeni.
Ukusabalalisa kungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokushintshana kwezinto. Kuyinqubo engenzi lutho lapho ama-molecule eshintsha khona esuka ezindaweni ezinokugxila okuphezulu aye kokugxila okuphansi kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ukulingana. Ukusabalalisa akudingi amandla futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthutha ama-molecule amancane njengegesi.
I-Osmosis uhlobo olukhethekile lokusabalala oluhilela ukunyakaza kwama-molecule amanzi nge-membrane engangena kalula. I-Osmosis ibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yoketshezi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamaseli.
Ezokuthutha Ezisebenzayo Nezingasebenzisi
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuthuthwa kwezinto, amaseli asebenzisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuthutha okwenziwa ngaphandle kanye nokuthutha okusebenzayo.
Ukuthuthwa okungenamsebenzi akudingi amandla, futhi ama-molecule ahamba ngokwe-gradient yawo yokuhlushwa. Ngaphezu kokusabalala kanye ne-osmosis, ukuthuthwa okungenamsebenzi kuhlanganisa nenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukusabalala okwenziwa lula, lapho amaprotheni e-membrane esiza ukunyakaza kwama-molecule athile angakwazi ukudlula kalula ku-lipid layer.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthuthwa okusebenzayo kudinga amandla, ngokuvamile ngesimo se-ATP, njengoba ama-molecule ehamba ngokumelene nokuphakama kwawo kokuhlushwa. Izibonelo zokuthuthwa okusebenzayo zifaka phakathi iphampu ye-sodium-potassium, ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinzwa nemisipha, igcina amandla e-membrane yeselula kanye nomthamo weseli.
Uhlelo Lokuthutha Emzimbeni Womuntu
Emzimbeni womuntu, izinhlelo eziyinhloko zokuthutha izinto yisimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, uhlelo lwe-lymphatic, kanye nohlelo lokuphefumula.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luthutha umoya-mpilo, izakhamzimba, ama-hormone, kanye nemikhiqizo engcolile iye futhi ibuya emangqamuzaneni kuwo wonke umzimba. Inhliziyo ipompa igazi ngemithambo yegazi, kuyilapho imithambo yegazi ibuyisela igazi enhliziyweni. Ama-capillary, imithambo yegazi emincane kakhulu, ayindawo yokushintshana okuqondile phakathi kwegazi namaseli.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lugxile ekushintsheni kwegesi. I-oksijini ingena emzimbeni ngohlelo lokuphefumula bese ifinyelela amaseli ngegazi. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, i-carbon dioxide ikhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo ongcolile bese ithuthwa ibuyiselwe emaphashini ukuze ikhishwe.
Uhlelo lwe-Lymphatic luyingxenye yesimiso somzimba wethu sokuzivikela, olusiza ekuthuthweni koketshezi lwe-lymph oluqukethe ama-lymphocyte kanye nemikhiqizo engcolile kusuka ezicutshini kuya egazini.
Ukulawulwa kanye Nezinkinga Zokushintshana Kwezidakamizwa
Umzimba womuntu unezindlela ze-homeostatic zokulawula ukushintshaniswa kwezinto. Isibonelo, amazinga kashukela egazini agcinwa ngesenzo esihlangene se-insulin ne-glucagon ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaseli athola ushukela owanele wamandla, ngaphandle kokubangela amazinga kashukela egazini ukuba aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu.
Ukuphazamiseka kokushintshana nokuthutha izinto kungaholela ezifweni ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izifo zamaphaphu ezifana ne-asthma kanye ne-emphysema zivimbela ukushintshana kwegesi, kuyilapho uhlobo 1 kanye nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 kuyizibonelo zokuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kokuhanjiswa kweglucose.
Ukushintshaniswa Kwezinto Ezitshalweni
Ezitshalweni, ukushintshaniswa kwezinto nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngezinqubo ze-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi namaminerali.
I-Photosynthesis inqubo lapho izitshalo, ulwelwe, kanye namanye amabhaktheriya eguqula khona amandla okukhanya abe amandla amakhemikhali. Ezitshalweni, i-photosynthesis yenzeka kuma-chloroplast, asebenzisa i-carbon dioxide namanzi ukukhiqiza i-glucose nomoya-mpilo. Ukushintshana kwegesi kwenzeka nge-stomata emaqabungeni.
Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi namaminerali ngaphakathi kwezitshalo kwenzeka nge-xylem, kuyilapho i-phloem ithutha imikhiqizo ye-photosynthesis kuso sonke isitshalo. Ukuphefumulela, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi avela eqabungeni, kudala ukuhudula okusiza ukuhambisa amanzi esuka ezimpandeni aye emaqabunga.
Isiphetho
Ukushintshana nokuthuthwa kwezinto kuyizindlela ezibalulekile ezenza ukuphila kuqhubeke. Zonke izinga lokuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo, kusukela kumaseli angawodwa kuya ezinhlelweni zezitho eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuncike ekushintshisaneni nasekuthuthweni kwezinto ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda kahle lezi zinqubo kubalulekile nakwezokwelapha nakwezolimo, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nokukhiqiza kwezitshalo.
Njengoba ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luqhubeka luthuthuka, kutholakala izixazululo ezintsha zokubhekana nokuphazamiseka kokuthuthwa kwezinto ezingabangela izifo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kwezolimo. Lolu lwazi lusenza sikwazi ukwazisa kangcono isimangaliso sempilo futhi luholela emisha emisha esikhathini esizayo.
