Imibono Yokuqala Neyesibili Ka-Einstein: Isisekelo Senguquko Yefiziksi Yanamuhla
U-Albert Einstein wayengomunye wososayensi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefiziksi yanamuhla. Ngokucabanga kwakhe okuguqukayo, u-Einstein wethula inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana, eyashintsha indlela yesayensi yesikhala, isikhathi, kanye namandla adonsela phansi. Inkolelo-mbono yakhe ekhethekile yokuhlobana, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1905, isekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezakha isisekelo sokuqonda kwethu indawo yonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimfundiso zika-Einstein zokuqala nezesibili, sinikeza ukuqonda ngencazelo yazo, imiphumela, nokuthi zashintsha kanjani indlela esibheka ngayo umhlaba.
I-Postulate Yokuqala: Isimiso Sokuhlobana
I-Postulate: Imithetho yefiziksi iyafana kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokubhekisela ze-inertial. Ngamanye amazwi, ayikho ifreyimu ekhethekile yokubhekisela ye-inertial.
Incazelo: Kalula nje, i-poulate yokuqala ithi akukho ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba okungahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlaka ezimbili zokubhekisela ezingasebenzi. Ngaphambi kuka-Einstein, lo mqondo wawukhona kuma-mechanics akudala futhi wawaziwa ngokuthi umgomo kaGalileo wokuhlobana. Kodwa-ke, u-Einstein wanweba lesi simiso kuyo yonke imithetho yefiziksi, hhayi nje kuma-mechanics.
Imiphumela: I-postulate yokuqala inemiphumela ebalulekile endleleni esiqonda ngayo ukunyakaza. Ngokusho kwale posiulate, akukho hlaka lokubhekisela olunembile noma olusebenzayo kunelinye. Isibonelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usemotweni uhamba ngesivinini esingaguquki noma umi unganyakazi ebusweni boMhlaba, imithetho yefiziksi oyibonayo izohlala ifana. Lokhu kuyahluka nombono wangaphambi kuka-Einstein, owathi i-medium ephelele (i-ether) esebenza njengohlaka lokubhekisela lokuphumula lokukhanya.
Ukusetshenziswa kuFiziksi: Isimiso sokuhlobana sidinga nokuhlaziywa kabusha kwemibono yesikhathi nendawo. Isibonelo, uma izinhlaka ezimbili zokubhekisela ezingasebenzi kahle zihamba ngokuhambisana, isikhathi nobude bazo buzoncipha futhi bukhule. Lesi simo sichazwa kabanzi embonweni okhethekile wokuhlobana futhi singenye yezindlela zokuqonda kwethu kwanamuhla isikhala nesikhathi.
I-Postulate Yesibili: Isivinini Sokukhanya Okuhlala Njalo
I-Postulate: Ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho lihlala njalo futhi alixhomekile ejubaneni lomthombo wokukhanya noma lomqaphi. Leli nani licishe libe amamitha angu-299.792.458 ngomzuzwana.
Incazelo: Ngaphambi kwalesi sizathu, isivinini sokukhanya kwakucatshangwa ukuthi sihlobene, kuye ngokunyakaza komthombo kanye nomqapheli, ngendlela efanayo nendlela isivinini somsindo emoyeni esingahluka ngayo. U-Einstein washintsha umqondo we-ether futhi waphikisana ngokuthi isivinini sokukhanya siyafana kubo bonke abaqapheli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isivinini sabo sihlobene kanjani nomthombo wokukhanya.
Umphumela: Lesi sikhundla sesibili sidinga ushintsho oluyisisekelo ekuqondeni kwethu isikhala nesikhathi. Sidinga ukuthi ukulinganiswa kwesikhathi nendawo kumele kuncike ekunyakazeni okuhlobene komqapheli. Lesi yisisekelo sokuguqulwa kukaLorentz, okwathatha indawo yokuguqulwa kukaGalile ku-mechanics kaNewtonian.
Ukusetshenziswa kuFiziksi: Ijubane lokukhanya elingaguquki linemiphumela eguquguqukayo, njengokwanda kwesikhathi kanye nokufinyela kobude. Ukwanda kwesikhathi kusho ukuthi isikhathi sidlula kancane entweni ehamba eduze kwesivinini sokukhanya uma kuqhathaniswa nento ephumulile. Ukufinyela kobude kubonisa ukuthi ubude bento buzoncipha ngendlela yokunyakaza njengoba isondela esivinini sokukhanya.
Ukusebenzisana Kwabaphostoli Ababili
Imibono yokuqala neyesibili ka-Einstein ayimi yodwa, kodwa isebenza ndawonye ukwakha uhlaka lokuhlobana okukhethekile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kudinga incazelo entsha eyisisekelo yokuthi silinganisa kanjani isikhala nesikhathi.
Isibonelo, uma sinabaqaphi ababili kumafreyimu amabili ahlukene okubhekisela kwe-inertial, bobabili bazobona isenzakalo esifanayo kodwa ngezilinganiso ezahlukene zesikhala nesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ijubane lokukhanya lihlala lingaguquguquki kubo bobabili, kufanele bakhiqize izilinganiso zefiziksi ezihambisanayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi isikhathi nendawo kungabi ngokuphelele, kodwa kuhlobene nokunyakaza kwabaqaphi.
Isiphetho
Imibono emibili ka-Einstein yaholela embonweni omusha wendawo yonke owafinyelela ekujuleni kakhulu kune-physics yaseNewtonian. Basusa umqondo we-ether njengendlela yokusabalalisa ukukhanya futhi bafaka umqondo wokuthi imithetho ye-physics ihlala ingaguquki kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokubhekisela ze-inertial.
Lokhu okutholwe kwaholela ekuqondeni okujulile isikhala nesikhathi, kwaphetha ngombono ka-Einstein ojwayelekile wokuhlobana kwezinto. Lo mbono wandisa ukuhlobana okukhethekile ukuze kufakwe amandla adonsela phansi, okubonisa ukuthi isikhathi sendawo ngokwaso siyinto engagobeka ngobuningi namandla.
Namuhla, izimiso zokuqala nezesibili zika-Einstein azizona nje izinto ezibalulekile zemfundo yefiziksi yesimanje kodwa futhi ziyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nocwaningo. Kusukela ku-GPS edinga ukulungiswa kokuhlobana kuya ocwaningweni lwezinkanyezi ngemigodi emnyama, imiqondo ka-Einstein iyaqhubeka nokuqondisa nokwandisa imingcele yesayensi yethu.
