Amaphaneli elanga amancane anefilimu: Okudingeka ukwazi
Amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo aya ngokuya ephakanyiswa njengendlela ekhangayo esikhundleni samaphaneli elanga ajwayelekile asekelwe ku-silicon. Lobu buchwepheshe bunikeza izinzuzo ezithile—kusukela esisindweni esilula kuya ekuguquguqukeni kokufakwa—kodwa bunemikhawulo okufanele uyiqonde ngaphambi kokunquma ukuyisebenzisa. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuthi ayini amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo, ukuthi asebenza kanjani, izinhlobo zawo, izinzuzo zawo kanye nokungalungi kwawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunconywayo.
Iyini iphaneli yelanga encane enefilimu?
Amaphaneli elanga e-Thin-film angamamojula e-photovoltaic enziwe ngokungeza ungqimba oluncane kakhulu lwezinto ze-semiconductor (esikalini se-micrometer) ebusweni be-substrate njengengilazi, insimbi, noma ipulasitiki. Ngokungafani namaphaneli e-silicon e-crystalline (i-monocrystalline kanye ne-polycrystalline), asebenzisa ama-wafer e-silicon aqinile, amaphaneli e-thin-film "afutha" noma "afake" izinto ezisebenzayo ezingqimbeni, okuvumela amamojula ukuba alula futhi aguquguquke nakakhulu.
Kalula nje, amaphaneli efilimu encane aguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi ngomphumela we-photovoltaic: ama-photon (izinhlayiya zokukhanya) ashaya i-semiconductor, akhulule ama-electron, futhi akhiqize ugesi wamanje oqondile (DC) ongasetshenziswa ngqo, ugcinwe ebhethri, noma uguqulwe ube wamanje oshintshanayo (AC) nge-inverter yokusetshenziswa ekhaya nasebhizinisini.
Amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo asebenza kanjani?
Isimiso sokusebenza sifana nezinye iziphaneli zelanga, kodwa isakhiwo esinezingqimba ezincane sidala umehluko oningana ezicini zaso. Ngokuvamile, iziphaneli ezinefilimu encane zakhiwa yilokhu:
1. I-substrate: isisekelo lapho izingqimba zibekwe khona, kungaba yingilazi, insimbi engagqwali, noma i-polymer eguquguqukayo.
2. Isendlalelo somqhubi esibonakalayo (i-TCO): sivumela ukukhanya ukuthi kungene ngenkathi kuqhutshwa ugesi.
3. Isendlalelo se-semiconductor esisebenzayo: ingxenye eyinhloko emunca ukukhanya futhi ikhiqize ama-electron.
4. Isendlalelo sokuxhumana sangemuva: sivala isekethe bese sihambisa ugesi uphume esitokisini.
Ngenxa yezendlalelo zawo ezincane, amaphaneli efilimu encane avame ukusebenza kangcono ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi noma zokushisa okuphezulu kunamanye amaphaneli ekristalu. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwawo okuphezulu ngokuvamile kuphansi.
Izinhlobo zamaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo
Kunezindlela eziningana zobuchwepheshe eziyinhloko zamaphaneli efilimu amancane emakethe:
1. I-Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
I-CdTe ingenye yezobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe kakhulu futhi obukhiqizwa ngobuningi obuhlukahlukene. Amaphaneli e-CdTe aziwa ngezindleko zawo zokukhiqiza ezincintisanayo kanye nokusebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Inothi elibalulekile: I-CdTe iqukethe i-cadmium, insimbi esindayo enobuthi. Abakhiqizi ngokuvamile banezinhlelo zokusebenzisa kabusha kanye nokuphathwa kokuphela kokuphila ukuze banciphise umthelela emvelweni, kodwa lokhu kusabalulekile okufanele kucatshangelwe.
2. I-Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
I-CIGS inikeza ukusebenza kahle okungabangisana namanye amaphaneli ekristalu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi kungenziwa kube lula kakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe buvame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga izimo ezilula noma ezingavamile.
Okubi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-CIGS kungaba nzima kakhulu, futhi ukutholakala kwezinye izinto (njenge-indium ne-gallium) kungaba yinkinga yezindleko noma yochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa.
3. I-Silicon Engenasimo (a-Si)
I-silicone e-Amorphous iyinguqulo "yefilimu encane" ye-silicon, kodwa isakhiwo sayo asifani nekristalu. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi amancane (isibonelo, ama-calculator asebenza ngelanga) nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokwakha.
Okubi ukuthi zivame ukuba nokusebenza kahle okuphansi futhi zingase zibhekane nokuwohloka kokuqala (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Staebler-Wronski) okunciphisa ukusebenza ngemva kokusetshenziswa kokuqala, yize-ke kuzinza.
Izinzuzo zamaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo
Nazi izinzuzo eziningana ezivame ukwenza amaphaneli efilimu amancane akhethwe:
1. Isisindo esilula
Ngenxa yokusebenzisa izinto ezisebenzayo ezincane kakhulu kanye nezinketho ezahlukahlukene ze-substrate, amaphaneli e-thin-film avame ukuba lula kunamaphaneli e-crystalline. Lokhu kuwusizo ophahleni olunemikhawulo ethile yomthwalo noma izakhiwo ezingafaneleki kumamojula asindayo.
2. Iguquguqukayo futhi kulula ukuyihlanganisa
Amanye amaphaneli efilimu encane angenziwa aguquguquke futhi avumelane nemingcele yendawo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okufana nophahla olugobile, izimoto, imikhumbi, izitsha, noma ukufakwa ezindaweni ezingalingani.
3. Ukusebenza okungcono emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nokukhanya okuphansi (kuncike kubuchwepheshe)
Amanye amaphaneli efilimu encane anesilinganiso sokushisa esingcono, okusho ukuthi anganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokukhipha njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, lokhu kungandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke (kWh) naphezu kokusebenza kahle kwemodyuli okuphansi.
4. Ukubukeka okufanayo
Ngobuhle, amaphaneli efilimu encane avame ukubonakala "ehlanzekile" ngemibala efanayo. Kumaphrojekthi okwakha noma izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, lesi sici esibonakalayo singacatshangelwa.
Izinkinga zamaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo
Nakuba amafilimu amancane ekhanga, akuzona ikhambi elihle kakhulu kuzo zonke izimo. Izithiyo ezivamile zifaka:
1. Ukusebenza kahle okuphansi okumaphakathi
Ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kusho ukuthi udinga indawo enkulu ukuze ukhiqize amandla afanayo uma kuqhathaniswa namaphaneli e-monocrystalline. Uma isikhala sakho sophahla silinganiselwe, amaphaneli e-crystalline avame ukuba nengqondo kakhulu.
2. Izidingo zesikhala kanye nesakhiwo sokufaka
Ngenxa yokuthi zidinga izindawo ezinkulu, izinhlelo zefilimu encane zingadinga imiklamo eminingi yokufaka, izintambo ezinde, kanye nokuhlela ukufiphaza okuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa.
3. Ukuwohloka kanye nempilo yesevisi kuyahlukahluka
Ikhwalithi nokuqina kwamaphaneli efilimu encane kuncike kakhulu kumkhiqizi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Eminye imikhiqizo inikeza ukuqina okuhle, kodwa ngokuvamile, kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela idatha yewaranti yokusebenza, amazinga okuwohloka konyaka, kanye nedumela lomkhiqizi.
4. Izinkinga zezinto zokwakha kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha
I-CdTe isebenzisa i-cadmium, kuyilapho i-CIGS isebenzisa izinto ezingavamile. Lokhu akuzenzi zibe "zimbi" ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa kudinga ukuphathwa kokuphela kokuphila kanye nokucatshangelwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla.
Kunini lapho kufanele ukhethe khona amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo?
Amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo ngokuvamile afaneleka ngaphansi kwezimo ezilandelayo:
1. Izindawo ezinkulu ezitholakalayo: isibonelo, uphahla lwezindlu zokugcina impahla, amafektri, amasimu avulekile, noma ama-canopy amakhulu.
2. Imithwalo yezakhiwo elinganiselwe: izakhiwo eziphahla lwazo alufanele amaphaneli asindayo.
3. Izidingo zokuguquguquka: ukufakwa ezindaweni ezigobile noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula.
4. Isimo sezulu esishisayo: kwezinye izimo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwaminyaka yonke kungaba nokuncintisana ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwezinga lokushisa.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo (BIPV): amafilimu amancane kulula ukuwahlanganisa nezinto zokwakha njengezakhiwo ezithile, izibani ezikhethekile, noma izinto zokwakha "ezinemisebenzi emibili".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma unendawo elinganiselwe yophahla futhi ufuna ukukhulisa amandla ngemitha yesikwele, amaphaneli e-monocrystalline ngokuvamile angcono kakhulu.
Izinto okufanele uzihlole ngaphambi kokuthenga
Ngaphambi kokukhetha iphaneli yefilimu encane, cabanga ngala maphuzu awusizo:
– Ukusebenza kahle kwemodyuli kanye nezidingo zendawo: bala izidingo zamandla (kWp) kanye nokutholakala kwesikhala.
– Isilinganiso sokushisa kanye nokusebenza endaweni yakho: cela ishidi ledatha kanye nokulingisa ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke.
– Iwaranti yomkhiqizo kanye newaranti yokusebenza: qaphela ubude besikhathi, imikhawulo yokuwohloka, kanye nezimo zesicelo.
– Isitifiketi: funa imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlola (isb. i-IEC) futhi ehambisana ne-inverter.
– Idumela lomkhiqizi kanye nokusekelwa kwangemva kokuthengisa: okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nensizakalo.
– Uhlelo lokusebenzisa kabusha: kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amamojula aphathwa kahle ekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokusebenza.
Isiphetho
Amaphaneli elanga acwebezelayo awubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic obunikeza izinzuzo zokukhanya okulula, ukuguquguquka okungenzeka, kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma ezimweni zokukhanya ezingezinhle. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ucabangele amathuba okusebenza kahle okuphansi, izidingo zendawo enkulu, kanye nezinkinga zewaranti yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomkhiqizo.
Uma unendawo enkulu, udinga amamojula alula, noma ufuna ikhambi elilula ukulihlanganisa nomklamo wakho wesakhiwo, amaphaneli e-thin-film angaba yisinqumo esihle. Kodwa emakhaya anesikhala esilinganiselwe sophahla kanye nezidingo zamandla aphezulu, amaphaneli e-crystalline silicon—ikakhulukazi i-monocrystalline—avame ukusebenzisa isikhala kahle. Isihluthulelo ukufanisa ubuchwepheshe nezidingo zakho, indawo, kanye nemigomo yezezimali.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukubala izidingo zakho ezilinganiselwe zamandla (kWp), indawo yokufaka, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla onyaka okulinganiselwe ngokusekelwe edolobheni/endaweni okuyo, uhlobo lophahla, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukagesi nyanga zonke.
