Uhlelo Lokulawula I-Wind Turbine Lokuqondisa I-Rotor
Ama-wind turbine anamuhla aklanyelwe ukukhipha amandla amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka emimoyeni eshintsha njalo isiqondiso nesivinini. Ukuze isebenze kahle, i-turbine rotor—ama-blades kanye ne-hub—kumele ihambisane kahle nomoya. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-rotor ihlala ihambisana nesiqondiso somoya yaziwa ngokuthi i-rotor orientation control, noma ngokuvamile, i-yaw control. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemibono, izingxenye, amasu okulawula, kanye nezinselele ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokulawula i-wind turbine zokuqondiswa kwe-rotor.
Kungani ukuqondiswa kwe-rotor kubalulekile?
Amandla i-wind turbine engawabamba athonywa kakhulu yi-engeli ephakathi kokuqondisa komoya kanye nendiza yokushanela ye-rotor. Uma i-rotor ingabhekene nomoya (ukungahambisani kahle kwe-yaw), amandla ageleza ngendiza ye-rotor awasetshenziswa kahle. Ukungahambisani kahle okuncane kunganciphisa amandla, kuyilapho ukungahambisani okukhulu kungaholela emithwalweni eyengeziwe yesakhiwo kuma-blades, i-nacelle, kanye nombhoshongo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqondiswa kwe-rotor akukhona nje ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi nokuphila kwesikhathi kwengxenye.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-wind turbines aqondile (ama-HAWT) adinga uhlelo lwe-yaw ukuze ajikeleze i-nacelle ukuze i-rotor ikhombe emoyeni. Lokhu kuhlukile kuma-vertical-axis turbines (ama-VAWT), angadingi i-yaw ukuze abambe umoya ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ama-HAWT abusa imboni yesilinganiso sezinsiza ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo kahle kakhulu.
Umqondo oyisisekelo we-yaw: ukuqondisa i-nacelle, hhayi ama-rotor ngokwehlukana
Ku-turbine ye-HAWT, ama-rotor blades afakwa ku-hub phambi kwe-nacelle. Ukuqondiswa komoya kulawulwa ngokujikeleza yonke i-nacelle (ethwala i-rotor kanye ne-drivetrain) phezulu kombhoshongo. Lokhu kuzungeza kwenziwa ngama-yaw bearings, avumela ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwe-nacelle nombhoshongo. Uhlelo lwe-yaw luqondisa i-nacelle ukuze i-rotor axis ivumelane nesiqondiso somoya esimaphakathi endaweni ye-hub.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isiqondiso somoya siyashintshashintsha futhi siyashintsha ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ukulawula ukugoba ngokuvamile akutholi ukuguquguquka okuncane. Uhlelo lwenzelwe ukulungisa isiqondiso somoya esimaphakathi esikhathini esithile ukuvimbela ukuzingela ukugoba ngokweqile, okungasheshisa ukuguguleka kwe-actuator kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yokulawula ukuqondiswa kwe-rotor
1. Inzwa yokuqondisa umoya (i-wind vane) kanye nesivinini somoya (i-anemometer)
Ngokuvamile ifakwe ngaphezu kwe-nacelle, i-wind vane ilinganisa isiqondiso somoya maqondana ne-nacelle, kuyilapho i-anemometer ilinganisa isivinini somoya. Kuma-turbine anamuhla, idatha ingaphinde ingezwe nezinye izinzwa, njenge-LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), ukuze "ibone" umoya ngaphambi kokuba ufike ku-rotor.
2. Isilawuli sokuquma
Lena yingxenye yesistimu yokulawula i-turbine (PLC/i-industrial control) enquma ukuthi i-nacelle kufanele ijikelezwe nini futhi ibanga elingakanani. Isilawuli sisebenzisa i-logic kanye namapharamitha afana nomkhawulo wokungalungi kahle, i-deadband, isivinini somoya, kanye nemikhawulo yesilinganiso se-yaw.
3. I-Yaw drive kanye ne-yaw motor
Injini kagesi (ngezinye izikhathi amayunithi amaningana) ishayela igiya elisebenzisana negiya eliyindandatho kubheyaringi ye-yaw. Ngenxa yokuthi i-nacelle inkulu futhi inzima, idinga i-torque eningi; ama-motor amaningi avame ukusetshenziswa ukwabelana ngomthwalo.
4. Ukuthwala i-Yaw
Ama-ring bearings amakhulu asekela imithwalo ye-axial kanye ne-radial ngenkathi evumela ukujikeleza. Izimo zokugcoba, ukuqina kwebhawodi, kanye nokuguguleka kuyizinkinga ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside.
5. Ibhuleki lokuhlikihla (ibhuleki lokuhlikihla)
Amabhuleki emishini/ama-hydraulic agcina i-nacelle ingajikelezi ngenxa ye-torque ye-aerodynamic lapho kungekho myalelo we-yaw okhona, futhi aqinise i-nacelle ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
6. Indandatho yokushelela kanye nohlelo lwekhebula
Ngenxa yokuthi i-nacelle iyajikeleza, ukuphathwa kwekhebula kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxabana. Izindandatho zokushelela zivumela amandla kanye nokudluliswa kwesignali kuyilapho i-nacelle ijikeleza, kodwa eminye imiklamo inemikhawulo ye-angle yokujikeleza ehlanganisiwe ukuvimbela ukusonteka kwekhebula.
7. Inzwa yesikhundla se-Yaw (i-encoder / i-resolver)
Ihlinzeka ngolwazi oluphelele lwe-nacelle angle maqondana nereferensi yombhoshongo yokulawula ngokunemba, ukurekhoda idatha, kanye nokuvikela.
Isu lokulawula: i-turbine kufanele ishaye nini?
Izinhlelo zokulawula i-yaw ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimiso eziningana:
1. Ibhande elifile (indawo efile)
Uma ukungalungi kusekuncane, isilawuli asikwenzi ukulungisa. Lokhu kubalulekile ukugwema ukunyakaza okuya phambili nokuya phambili ngenxa yokuxokozela. Isibonelo, i-turbine ingashaya kuphela uma ukungalungi kudlula ±10° imizuzwana noma imizuzu embalwa, kuye ngomklamo.
2. Isihlungi sesikhathi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwesiginali
Idatha yesiqondiso somoya ivame ukuhlungwa kusetshenziswa isihlungi esihambayo noma esidlula kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilawuli senza ukuqinisekiswa: uma inzwa ye-vane inephutha, i-yaw inganqunyelwa noma ishintshelwe kwimodi ephephile.
3. I-logic esekelwe kwisivinini somoya
Uma umoya uvunguza ngesivinini esiphansi, inzuzo ye-yaw ingaba yincane, okuvumela uhlelo ukuthi lulinde isikhathi eside. Uma isivinini esithile siseduze nesivinini esilinganiselwe, ukuqondiswa kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emimoyeni enamandla kakhulu noma lapho i-turbine ipakiwe, isu le-yaw lingashintsha ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo.
4. Imikhawulo yesivinini sokugxumagxuma kanye nokunciphisa umfutho
I-nacelle akufanele ijikeleziswe ngokushesha okukhulu, njengoba lokhu kungadala imithwalo enamandla futhi kwandise ukuguguleka kwegiya kanye namabhere. Isilawuli sivame ukukhawulela izinga lokuya (isb., amadigri ngomzuzwana) futhi sisebenzisa ukusheshisa/ukunciphisa ijubane okushelelayo.
5. Ukulawula okusekelwe ku-torque/energy
Eminye imiklamo ethuthukisiwe icabangela izindleko zamandla enjini uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwamandla okwandisiwe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-turbine amakhulu nezindawo ezine-turbulence ephezulu.
Izinselele zobuchwepheshe ekulawuleni ukuqondiswa kwe-rotor
Ukuxokozela kanye nokucheba komoya
Isiqondiso somoya ekuphakameni kwe-rotor asihlali sifana. Ngisho nasendleleni yokushanela kwe-rotor, isiqondiso kanye nesivinini kungahluka. Izinzwa eziphezu kwe-nacelle zilinganisa umoya oye wathintwa yi-rotor (i-rotor wake), engachezukisa izilinganiso zesiqondiso somoya. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngomlawuli ukunquma i-engeli efanele.
Imithwalo yesakhiwo ngenxa yokungalungi kahle
Ukungalungi kahle kubangela amandla aseceleni kanye nezikhathi embhoshongweni kanye nase-nacelle. Uma ukugxumagxuma kubambezeleka noma kuvame kakhulu, imithwalo ejikelezayo iyanda futhi ingasheshisa ukukhathala kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula ukugxumagxuma akukhona nje "ukubhekana nomoya ngokushesha okukhulu," kodwa kunalokho kuyisivumelwano phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nomthwalo.
Ukuthwala i-yaw, igiya, kanye nokuguguleka kwamabhuleki
Ukusebenza njalo kokugoba kwandisa ukuguguleka. Uthuli, umswakama, kanye nekhwalithi yokuthambisa nakho kuthinta impilo yokuthwala. Izinhlelo zokulawula zivame ukuqondisa inani elifanele lezindlela zokugoba ngosuku.
Izinkinga zekhebula kanye nemikhawulo yokujikeleza
Uma i-turbine ingasebenzisi izindandatho ezigcwele noma inomkhawulo othile, isilawuli sidinga ukuqaqa ngemva kokujikeleza okuningana ukuze kuvinjelwe ikhebula ekujikeni.
Amaphutha ezinzwa kanye nokuphindaphindeka
Ama-wind vanes angaminyana, ama-anemometer angangcola, noma ukufundwa kungathinteka yi-icing. Ama-turbine anamuhla avame ukusebenzisa ukuxilonga, ukuphindaphinda kwezinzwa, noma ukulinganisa okusekelwe kumodeli ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okuphephile.
Izindlela zokusebenza kwe-Yaw: ezijwayelekile, ezipakiwe, kanye nezivikelo
1. Imodi evamile
I-turbine ikhiqiza amandla, futhi i-yaw igcina ukungalingani ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile.
2. Imodi yokupaka (yeka/ima)
Uma i-turbine ingasebenzi ngenxa yokulungiswa noma imimoya enamandla kakhulu, amasu okuqondiswa angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa umthwalo. Amanye ama-turbine amiswa ngezinsika zezimpaphe kanye ne-nacelle kubheke umoya, kanti amanye abekwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukudlidliza.
3. Imodi ephuthumayo/yokuvikela
Uma uhlelo luthola ukwehluleka kwe-yaw, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenjini, amabhuleki anephutha, noma izinzwa ezingasebenzi, i-yaw ingavinjelwa futhi i-turbine iyeke ukusebenza ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo.
Intuthuko yesimanje: I-LIDAR, ukulawula ukubikezela, kanye nezinga lepulazi
Ubuchwepheshe be-LIDAR obufakwe ku-Nacelle buvumela ama-turbine ukuthi alinganise iphrofayili yomoya phambi kwe-rotor. Ngalolu lwazi, ukulawulwa kwe-yaw kungaba ukubikezela okwengeziwe, kunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokulungisa futhi kunciphise imithwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumongo wamapulazi omoya, ukuqondiswa kwe-turbine nakho kuthinta i-wake, okunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-turbine ngemuva kwawo. Ucwaningo lokulawula izinga lepulazi luhlola ukuthambekela kwe-yaw (ukuqondisa i-wake) ngamabomu ukuze kuqondiswe kabusha i-wake, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukukhiqizwa kwepulazi okuphelele, yize ama-turbine ngamanye engase abhekane nokwehla okuncane kwamandla.
Isiphetho
Uhlelo lokulawula i-turbine yomoya lokuqondiswa kwe-rotor luyinto ebalulekile exhumanisa izilinganiso zesiqondiso somoya, ama-algorithms ezinqumo, kanye nama-actuator omshini ukuze kujikeleziswe i-nacelle. Umgomo wokugcina ukugcina i-rotor ihambisana nomoya ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla aphezulu ngenkathi kunciphisa imithwalo yesakhiwo kanye nokuguguleka kwezingxenye. Izinselele ezifana nokuxokozela, ukulinganiselwa kwenzwa, kanye nezinkinga zokuthembeka komshini zisho ukuthi ukwakheka kokulawula i-yaw kudinga njalo ukuvumelana okucophelelayo. Uma ubheka phambili, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe njenge-LIDAR kanye namasu okulawula ezingeni lepulazi kuvula amathuba okwenza ngcono okukhulu, kokubili maqondana namandla nesikhathi sokuphila kwemishini.
Uma ufisa, ngingayishintsha le ndatshana ibe ngeyobuchwepheshe kakhulu (isb., engeza umdwebo we-control block, ifomula yomphumela wokungalingani kahle kwamandla, noma isibonelo se-PID/logic deadband algorithm), noma ngiyiqondise kubafundi abavamile ngolimi olulula.
