Ukwakhiwa kanye Nomsebenzi Wezindawo Zokuphehla Umoya
Ezinhlelweni zesimanje ze-wind turbine, ukunaka komphakathi kuvame ukudonselwa embhoshongweni omude, ama-blade amade, noma i-generator ekhiqiza ugesi. Kodwa-ke, kunengxenye eyodwa enendima ebalulekile kodwa evame ukunganakwa: i-wind turbine hub. I-hub "ibhuloho" eliyinhloko phakathi kwama-blade e-turbine kanye ne-drivetrain ngaphakathi kwe-nacelle. Ithola imithwalo emikhulu ye-aerodynamic kusuka kuma-blade, iyidlulisele emshafini, futhi isebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezahlukene ezifana nokulawula i-pitch, izinzwa, namadivayisi okuphepha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa kabanzi ngezinselelo zokwakha, umsebenzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokuklama kwe-hub.
1. Ukuqonda Ama-Wind Turbine Hubs
Ihabhu liyisici sesakhiwo esitholakala enkabeni yerotha ye-wind turbine, lapho ama-blade enamathiselwe khona futhi ejikeleza. Kalula nje, ihabhu lingacatshangwa "njengekhanda" le-rotha. Kuma-wind turbine asetshenziswa kakhulu avundlile-axis (HAWTs), ihabhu litholakala phambi kwe-nacelle futhi lixhunywe ngqo ku-main shaft. Lapho umoya ukhiqiza ukuphakama kuma-blades, lawo mandla adluliselwa ngempande ye-blade aye ku-hub, bese edluliselwa ku-shaft kanye nohlelo lokudlulisa/lwejeneretha.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokucushwa kwe-rotor—isibonelo, ama-blade amabili noma ama-blade amathathu—kodwa iningi lama-turbine ezentengiselwano lisebenzisa ama-blade amathathu ngenxa yokulinganisela kwawo okuguquguqukayo okuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenza kahle, kanye namazinga omsindo. Lokhu kucushwa kuthonya ukuma nokwakheka kwehabhu.
2. Umsebenzi Oyinhloko We-Wind Turbine Hub
Umsebenzi wehabhu awugcini nje ngokubamba ama-blade. Unemisebenzi okungenani emihlanu eyinhloko:
1. Ukuxhuma i-blade nohlelo olujikelezayo
Ihabhu linikeza uxhumano oluqinile lwemishini phakathi kwama-blade kanye nomgodi oyinhloko. Lokhu kuxhumana kumele kukwazi ukumelana ne-torque ephezulu kanye nemithwalo ephindaphindwayo kuyo yonke impilo ye-turbine (iminyaka engama-20-25).
2. Ukudlulisa imithwalo ye-aerodynamic kanye nemithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi
Ama-blade abhekana nokusunduza, amandla e-tangential (akhiqiza i-torque), kanye nemithwalo yamandla adonsela phansi njengoba ejikeleza. Ihabhu lidlulisela yonke le mithwalo ku-drivetrain kanye nesakhiwo se-nacelle.
3. Ikhaya lesistimu yephimbo
Kuma-turbine anamuhla, i-engeli ye-blade yokuhlasela ilawulwa uhlelo lwe-pitch. Imiklamo eminingi ibeka i-pitch bearing enkulu, i-pitch motor/actuator, i-pitch gearbox, kanye nezilawuli endaweni ye-hub.
4. Gcina ukuzinza okuguquguqukayo kwe-rotor
Ihabhu kumele iqinisekise ukujikeleza okuzinzile, ivimbele ukungalingani, inciphise ukudlidliza, futhi isekele ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo kwe-rotor ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya ezahlukahlukene (isivunguvungu, ukuxokozela).
5. Isekela izici zokuphepha nokuqapha
Ama-Hub avame ukuhlanganiswa nezinzwa (isib. izinga lokushisa lokuthwala, indawo yokuma, ukudlidliza), kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela ezifana nokuphotha okuphuthumayo (ukujikeleza ama-blade endaweni ephephile) uma kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka.
3. Ukwakhiwa Kwehabhu: Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Nezingxenye
Ngokwakha, ihabhu liyingxenye enkulu yesakhiwo ene-geometry eyinkimbinkimbi. Nazi ezinye izingxenye ezivamile:
a) Umzimba wehabhu
Ingxenye eyinhloko isakhiwo esenziwe ngobumba noma esenziwe ngezinto "ezinezingalo" eziningana noma ama-flange njengezindawo zokunamathisela ama-blade. I-rotor enama-blade amathathu inezindawo ezintathu zokuhlangana kwama-blade ezihlukaniswe ngama-degree angu-120. Ukuma kwazo kungaba yindilinga noma i-polygonal, kuye ngomklamo womenzi.
b) Isixhumi esibonakalayo se-Blade
Yilapho impande ye-blade inamathiselwa khona kusetshenziswa amabhawodi anamandla aphezulu ngendlela eyindilinga. Lesi sixhumanisi kumele sibe nembe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo ngokulinganayo futhi kuvinjelwe ukugxila kokucindezeleka.
c) Iphimbo lokuthwala
Ingxenye enkulu, efana nendandatho (i-slewing bearing) evumela ama-blade ukuthi ajikeleze ku-axis yawo ukulawula iphimbo. Le bearing isebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlanganisiwe (i-axial, i-radial, kanye ne-moment), ngakho-ke ikhwalithi yokugcoba kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala kubalulekile.
d) Uhlelo lwe-pitch (i-actuator kanye nokulawula)
Ngokuvamile basebenzisa injini kagesi enegiya legiya (iphimbo likagesi) noma uhlelo lwe-hydraulic (iphimbo le-hydraulic). Amaphimbo kagesi avame ukufakwa ibhethri/i-supercapacitor ukuze abeke kahle i-blade ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kukagesi.
e) Isembozo sehabhu (ikhoni yekhala/isipina)
Ingxenye ye-aerodynamic emboza ingaphambili lehabhu ukunciphisa ukuhudula nokuvikela izingxenye zangaphakathi emvuleni, othulini, noma eqhweni. Nakuba kungesona isakhiwo esiyinhloko, lesi simbozo sithinta ukusebenza kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-aerodynamic.
f) Ukufinyelela nokuphepha (i-hatch yokufinyelela, ipulatifomu yangaphakathi)
Kuma-turbine amakhulu, ochwepheshe bangangena ngaphakathi kwe-hub ukuze balungise uhlelo lwe-pitch. Ngenxa yokuthi le ndawo iminyene futhi iyajikeleza, kudingeka izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile.
4. Izinto Zokusebenza Nezinqubo Zokukhiqiza
Iningi lama-hub e-wind turbine akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ama-castings enziwe nge-ductile cast iron, njenge-EN-GJS noma okufanayo. Izizathu zokukhetha i-ductile iron zifaka:
- Amandla amahle nokuqina kwemithwalo enamandla
- Amandla okusakaza izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinkulu
- Ukunciphisa ukudlidliza okuhle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi
- Izindleko zokukhiqiza ezincintisanayo zosayizi abakhulu
Kodwa-ke, eminye imiklamo isebenzisa izinsimbi ezibunjiwe noma ama-welded steel plate hubs, ikakhulukazi uma kudingeka izakhiwo ezithile zemishini noma isu lokukhiqiza elihlukile. Ngemva kokukhipha, i-hub ivame ukwenzeka:
- Ukwelashwa ngokushisa ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo eziqondiwe zemishini
– Umshini wokusika ezindaweni ezibalulekile (i-flange, isihlalo samabhere, imigodi yamabholidi)
– Ukuhlolwa okungabhubhisi (NDT) njengokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound, ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiya zamagnetic, noma i-radiography ukuthola amaphutha angaphakathi
– Ukupenda/ukumboza ukuze kuvikelwe ukugqwala, ikakhulukazi kuma-turbine asogwini lolwandle
5. Izinselele Zomthwalo Womsebenzi Nokuklama
Ama-Hub asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Abaklami kumele bacabangele lokhu:
1. Ukukhathala (ukukhathala ngezinto ezibonakalayo)
Ama-turbine abhekana nezigidi zemijikelezo yomthwalo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ukukhathala kuyisici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni ukujiya kodonga, irediyasi yefillet, kanye nemininingwane yokuxhumana.
2. Ukugxila kokucindezeleka endaweni ehlangene ne-blade
Izimbobo zebholithi, amakhona abukhali, kanye nokushintsha kobukhulu kungaba yimithombo yokuqhekeka. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka okuhle kwejometri kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokukhiqiza kuyadingeka.
3. Ukugqwala kanye nemvelo
Ulwandle, imiphumela yenkungu kasawoti isheshisa ukugqwala. Izinhlelo zokumboza nokuvala kumele zakhiwe ngokucophelela, okuhlanganisa nokuvikela ukuxhumana okunamabholidi kanye nama-bearing pitches.
4. Isisindo vs ukuthembeka
Ihabhu elinzima kakhulu landisa umthwalo ohlelweni lombhoshongo kanye ne-yaw. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ihabhu elilula kakhulu lingandisa ingozi yokuguquguquka nokukhathala. Ukuthuthukisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-finite element simulation (FEA) kanye nokuhlola.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa nohlelo lokuphonsa
Ama-pitch bearings, ama-motor, izintambo, kanye nezilawuli kumele zibekwe ukuze kube lula ukuzinakekela, ukuzivikela, futhi kungaphazamisi ibhalansi ye-rotor.
6. I-Hub in Turbine Working System: Ukugeleza Nokulawula Amandla
Uma umoya uvunguza, ama-blade akhiqiza i-torque ku-rotor. Ihabhu ithola le torque bese iyizungeza kanye ne-shaft eyinhloko. Kuma-turbine ane-gearbox, i-shaft eyinhloko iqhuba i-gearbox ukuze kwandiswe ijubane lokujikeleza kwejeneretha. Kuma-turbine aqhutshwa ngqo, ihabhu ixhunywe kujeneretha enobubanzi obukhulu ngaphandle kwe-gearbox.
Ngokuphathelene nokulawula, ihabhu idlala indima ohlelweni lokuphonsa. Uma isivinini somoya sidlula isivinini esilinganiselwe, ukulawula ukuphonsa kuzungeza ama-blade ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphakama, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla aphuma kahle futhi kuvinjelwe ukugcwala ngokweqile kwezingxenye. Uma umoya uba namandla kakhulu noma i-turbine ihlangabezana nephutha, ama-blade "azogoba" (agobile ukuze kuncishiswe amandla) ukuze amise i-rotor ngokuphephile.
7. Ukulungiswa Okuvamile Nokwehluleka
Ngenxa yesikhundla sazo ku-rotor engaphambili, ihabhu kanye nezingxenye zalo zidinga ukuhlolwa njalo. Ezinye zezinkinga ezivamile zifaka:
– Ukuguga kwe-pitch bearing ngenxa yokungagcobi kahle noma ukungcola
– Ukuxegiswa kwamabholti e-blade-hub okungenzeka ngenxa yokudlidliza noma izinqubo zokuqinisa ezingafanele.
– Ukukhathala kuyaqhekeka ezindaweni ezigxile ekucindezelekeni (okungavamile kodwa okubucayi)
- Umonakalo wokuvala obangela ukungena kwamanzi futhi usheshise ukugqwala
– Amaphutha kunjini ye-pitch, i-pitch gearbox, noma uhlelo lokusekelayo (ibhethri)
Ukuhlolwa kuvame ukufaka ukuhlolwa kwe-bolt torque, ukuhlaziywa kokudlidliza, ukuhlolwa kwamafutha, kanye ne-NDT ezindaweni ezithile njengoba kunconywe umenzi.
8. Isiphetho
Ihabhu le-wind turbine liyisici sesakhiwo esidlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lonke lokuguqula amandla omoya abe ugesi. Alisebenzi nje kuphela njengendawo yokufaka ama-blade, kodwa futhi lisebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yokuthwala umthwalo, ligcina uhlelo lokugoba, kanye nesici esibalulekile ekuphepheni nasekulawuleni i-turbine. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kudinga izinto eziqinile, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ngokunemba, kanye nomklamo okwazi ukumelana nemithwalo yesikhathi eside ejikelezayo. Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kanye nomsebenzi we-hub kusisiza sibone ukuthi i-wind turbine ephumelelayo ayigcini nje ngama-blade kanye ne-generator, kodwa futhi imayelana nokuhlanganiswa okuqinile nokuthembekile kwemishini enkabeni ye-rotor: i-hub.
Uma ungathanda, ngingangeza umdwebo olula wesakhiwo, uhlu olunemininingwane eminingi yezingxenye zehabhu, noma ingxoxo yokuqhathanisa amahabhu ama-turbine asogwini uma kuqhathaniswa nama-turbine asogwini.
