Indlela Amajeneretha E-Wind Turbine Asebenza Ngayo Ekukhiqizeni Ugesi
Ama-turbine omoya awubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo obushintsha ngokushesha, obukwazi ukuguqula amandla omoya abe amandla kagesi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushisa uphethiloli wezinto zasendulo. Ngemuva kwala ma-blade ajikelezayo kahle kukhona uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zemishini kanye nekagesi ezisebenza ndawonye ngokunembile. Enhliziyweni yale nqubo kukhona ijeneretha ye-turbine yomoya, ingxenye ephethe ukuguqula amandla ajikelezayo (emishini) abe amandla kagesi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ijeneretha ye-turbine yomoya esebenza ngayo, izingxenye zayo ezibalulekile, kanye nezigaba zokukhiqizwa kukagesi kusukela emoyeni kuya ekusakazweni kuya kugridi.
1. Kusukela emoyeni kuya ekujikelezeni: ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwama-turbine
Umoya uthwala amandla ngendlela yamandla e-kinetic. Uma umoya udlula phezu kwama-blades, isimo se-aerofoil sama-blades senza ukuphakama nokuhudula. Le nhlanganisela yamandla ikhiqiza i-torque, ejikeleza i-rotor. Inani lamandla angabanjwa lithonywa isivinini somoya, indawo yokushanela i-rotor (ububanzi be-blade), kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-aerodynamic.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amandla omoya angabanjwa. Kukhona umkhawulo wethiyori obizwa ngokuthi i-Betz Limit, othi amandla omoya aphezulu angaguqulwa abe amandla omshini yi-turbine angaba ngu-59,3%. Uma amandla omshini esebanjwe, ijeneretha iwaguqula abe ugesi.
2. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yokukhiqiza ku-turbine yomoya
Ngaphambi kokungena kuma-generator, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye ezihilelekile "kuchungechunge lokuguqulwa" kwamandla:
1. I-Rotor kanye ne-hub: lapho ama-blade enamathele khona futhi ayizingxenye ezijikeleza ngenxa yomoya.
2. Umgodi: udlulisela ukujikeleza kwe-rotor ohlelweni olulandelayo.
3. Ibhokisi legiya (ongakukhetha): kwandisa isivinini sokujikeleza kweshafti yesivinini esiphansi kuya esivinini esiphezulu kumajeneretha athile.
4. Ijenereyitha: iguqula amandla omshini abe ugesi.
5. Uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi olusebenzisa amandla: luqinisa i-voltage kanye nemvamisa kagesi ukuze ihambisane nenethiwekhi.
6. I-Transformer: ikhulisa i-voltage ukuze isatshalaliswe kahle ngamakhebula.
7. Uhlelo lokulawula (isilawuli): lulawula i-engeli ye-blade (iphimbo), isiqondiso se-turbine (i-yaw), kanye nokuvikelwa lapho umoya unamandla kakhulu.
Ingqikithi yalesi sihloko isemajeneretha, kodwa empeleni amajeneretha awasebenzi wodwa; athembele ekulawuleni nasekunikezeni amandla kagesi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi abawukhiqizayo usezingeni elifanele.
3. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sejeneretha: ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic
Amajeneretha e-wind turbine asebenza ngokusekelwe kuMthetho kaFaraday wokungenisa i-Electromagnetic. Isimiso silula:
– Uma umqhubi (ikhoyili yekhebula) esensimini kazibuthe eshintshayo, kuzovela i-voltage kagesi.
– Izinguquko ensimini yamagnetic zingadalwa ngokujikeleza imagnethi ngokumelene nekhoyili, noma ngokujikeleza ikhoyili ensimini yamagnetic.
Ngaphakathi kwejenereyitha kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– I-Rotor: ingxenye ejikelezayo (ingaba yi-magnet ehlala njalo noma i-electromagnet).
– I-Stator: ingxenye engashintshi enama-coil lapho kubangelwa khona i-voltage.
Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, amandla ayo kazibuthe "asika" ama-stator coil, akhiqize i-alternating current (AC). Ijubane lokujikeleza kanye nomklamo wejeneretha kunquma i-voltage, imvamisa, kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla.
4. Izinhlobo zamajeneretha kuma-turbine omoya
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamajeneretha asetshenziswa njalo, ngalinye linezici ezahlukene kanye nezidingo zesistimu yokulawula.
a. Ijenereyitha yokungenisa (ijenereyitha engahambisaniyo)
Amajeneretha okungenisa umoya asetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-wind turbine okuqala kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje. Izinzuzo zawo zifaka:
- Ukwakhiwa okulula futhi okuqinile
- Ukulungisa kuvame ukuba lula
– Kufanelekela izinhlelo ezithile ezixhunywe kunethiwekhi
Kodwa-ke, ama-generator okungenisa avame ukudinga amandla okusabela avela kugridi noma ku-capacitor ukuze akhiqize insimu yamagnetic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa kwesivinini kungancishiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwe-elekthronikhi yamandla.
b. Ijeneretha ehambisanayo (ijeneretha ehambisanayo)
Amajeneretha ahambisanayo akhiqiza ugesi ngemvamisa ehlobene ngqo nesivinini sokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile:
– Ihambisana ne-electromagnet: i-rotor idala insimu yamagnetic ngokusebenzisa ugesi wokuvuselela.
– Ijeneretha Ehambisanayo Yamamagneti Ehlala Njalo (i-PMSG): i-rotor isebenzisa i-magnet ehlala njalo.
Ama-PMSG athandwa kakhulu kuma-turbine anamuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo kahle kakhulu kanye nokuntuleka komshini wokuvusa we-rotor odingekayo. Ama-turbine anama-PMSG avame ukuhlanganiswa nama-converter agcwele ukuze avumele ukusebenza ngesivinini somoya esibanzi.
c. I-DFIG (Ijeneretha Yokungenisa Ephindwe Kabili)
I-DFIG ibilokhu ivame kakhulu kuma-wind turbine amakhulu iminyaka eminingi. Izici zayo yilezi:
- I-rotor ixhunywe ku-converter yesikali esingaphelele
– Ivumela ukusebenza kwesivinini esiguquguqukayo ngezindleko eziphansi zesiguquli kunesiguquli esigcwele.
- Ikhwalithi yamandla kunethiwekhi ingaphathwa kangcono
I-DFIG inikeza ukuvumelana okukhangayo phakathi kokusebenza kahle, izindleko, kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza, yize uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi lunezingxenye ezifana nezindandatho zokushelela ezidinga ukulungiswa.
5. I-gearbox vs i-direct-drive: indlela yemishini eya ku-generator
Ama-turbine omoya angahlukaniswa ngokusetshenziswa kwamabhokisi egiya:
I-turbine enebhokisi legiya
Ama-rotor e-turbine ngokuvamile ajikeleza kancane (isb., 10–20 rpm kuma-turbine amakhulu). Ama-generator amaningi asebenza kahle kakhulu kuma-rpm aphezulu. I-gearbox yandisa i-rpm ukuze ivumelane nezidingo ze-generator. Inzuzo yalolu hlelo ukuthi i-generator ingaba ncane uma ikhipha amandla afanayo, kodwa i-gearbox iyanezela:
– Ukulahlekelwa yimishini
- Umsindo
– Kungenzeka ukuthi kulungiswe kaningi
I-turbine eqhutshwa ngqo (ayikho i-gearbox)
Uhlelo lokushayela ngqo luxhumanisa i-rotor ngqo nejeneretha enobubanzi obukhulu eyenzelwe i-rpm ephansi. Izinzuzo zayo:
– Izingxenye ezimbalwa ezihambayo
– Amandla okulungisa aphansi
– Ukusebenza kahle kwemishini okungcono
Kodwa-ke, amajeneretha aqondisa ngqo avame ukuba makhulu futhi abe nzima, futhi ngokuvamile adinga i-converter enamandla aphelele.
6. Kusukela kugesi "ongavuthiwe" kuya kugesi osulungele ukusetshenziswa: indima yamandla kagesi
Ugesi okhiqizwa yijenereyitha awuhlali uhambisana nezindinganiso zegridi ngokushesha, ezidinga i-voltage ezinzile kanye nemvamisa (isibonelo, i-50 Hz e-Indonesia). Ngenxa yokuthi isivinini somoya siyashintshashintsha, ukujikeleza kwe-turbine nakho kuyashintsha, okungashintsha nemvamisa kagesi wejenereyitha.
Yilapho kungena khona amandla kagesi. Uhlelo lokuguqula (i-rectifier-inverter) lungenza okulandelayo:
- Iguqula i-AC kusuka ku-generator ibe yi-DC (i-rectifier)
- Kuqinisa i-DC voltage ku-DC-link
– Iguqula ibuyele ku-AC ngemvamisa elawulwayo kanye ne-voltage (inverter)
- Ilawula amandla futhi isekela ukuzinza kwenethiwekhi
Ngama-elekthronikhi anamandla, i-turbine ingasebenza ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo, ngaleyo ndlela ibambe amandla omoya kahle kakhulu futhi inciphise imithwalo yemishini lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zomoya ngokuzumayo.
7. Ukulawulwa kwe-turbine: ukugcina ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha
Amajeneretha e-turbine yomoya asebenza kahle kakhulu uma i-turbine isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Izilawuli ezibalulekile zifaka:
– Ukulawula i-Yaw: kujikeleza i-nacelle ukuze i-rotor ibheke ohlangothini lomoya.
– Ukulawula iphimbo: ukushintsha i-engeli ye-blade ukuze kulawulwe i-torque namandla. Uma umoya unamandla kakhulu, iphimbo lingachitha amandla athile ukuvimbela i-turbine ukuthi ingagcwali ngokweqile.
– Uhlelo lwamabhuleki: amabhuleki asebenzisa umoya (iphithi) kanye/noma amabhuleki omshini ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma zokulungisa.
– Ukuvikelwa kukagesi: kuthola ugesi/i-voltage engavamile, ama-short circuits, noma ukuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi.
Uma isivinini somoya siphansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kwesivinini sokusika), i-turbine ngeke ikhiqize ugesi. Uma iphakeme kakhulu (ngaphezu kwesivinini sokusika), i-turbine ivame ukuma ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha.
8. Ukugeleza okufushane kokukhiqizwa kukagesi okuvela kuma-turbine omoya
Ngamafuphi, inqubo ingachazwa kanje:
1. Umoya udlula phezu kwe-blade → i-rotor iyajikeleza
2. Ukujikeleza kudluliswa ngomshafu (kanye nebhokisi legiya uma likhona)
3. I-rotor yejenereyitha ijikeleza ngokumelene ne-stator → Kukhiqizwa i-voltage ye-AC
4. Ama-elekthronikhi kagesi aqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi uzinzile futhi uhambisane nezindinganiso zegridi.
5. I-Transformer inyusa i-voltage
6. Ugesi unikezwa kugridi noma ezinhlelweni zokugcina (isib. amabhethri) kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Isiphetho
Ijenereyitha ye-turbine yomoya iyinhliziyo yesistimu yokukhiqizwa kwamandla, eguqula ukunyakaza komshini kube amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya okuphumelelayo akuxhomekile kuphela kujenereyitha kodwa futhi nakuhlelo lonke lwezingxenye: i-rotor esebenza kahle, i-mechanical transmission (i-gearbox noma i-direct drive), izinhlelo zokulawula i-yaw kanye ne-pitch, kanye ne-electronics yamandla eqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamandla ihlangabezana nezidingo zegridi. Ngomklamo ofanele, ama-turbine omoya angakhiqiza ugesi ohlanzekile, oqhubekayo futhi ancintisana kakhulu njengesixazululo samandla esizayo.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza umfanekiso womsebenzi (umdwebo olula), noma ngixoxe ngokusebenza kahle kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezindleko phakathi kwe-DFIG, i-PMSG, i-gearbox, kanye ne-direct-drive ngemininingwane eminingi.
