Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwamaDamu ekhonkrithi uma kuqhathaniswa namaDamu oMhlaba
Amadamu ayingqalasizinda ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Imisebenzi yawo isukela ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi okunisela namanzi aluhlaza, ekukhiqizeni amandla kagesi wamanzi, ekulawuleni izikhukhula, kanye nokuzilibazisa. Ekuhleleni nasekuklameni, izinhlobo ezimbili zamadamu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amadamu ekhonkrithi namadamu omhlaba. Womabili anezici zobuchwepheshe ezahlukene, izidingo zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuziphatha kwesakhiwo, kanye nezingozi zokuhluleka. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwamadamu ekhonkrithi kunamadamu omhlaba, sinikeza abafundi umbono ophelele ngaphambi kokufinyelela iziphetho mayelana nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo "olungcono."
Ukubuka Konke Kwamadamu Ekhonkrithi Namadamu Omhlaba
Idamu lekhonkrithi yidamu elinesakhiwo salo esiyinhloko esenziwe ngokhonkrithi—kungaba ukhonkrithi omkhulu noma ukhonkrithi onama-roller-compact (RCC). Amadamu ekhonkrithi ngokuvamile amelana nokucindezela kwamanzi ngesisindo sawo (amadamu adonsela phansi) noma ngesimo esigobile esidlulisela amandla ezindaweni ezizungezile amawa (amadamu e-arch).
Okwamanje, idamu lomhlaba liyidamu elakhiwe ngezinto zokugcwalisa ezifana nomhlabathi, isihlabathi, amatshe ayigugu, kanye nedwala, ngokuvamile elinesakhiwo esingaphakathi esingangeni manzi esenziwe ngobumba noma ezinye izinto ezingangeni. Ukuqina kwedamu lomhlaba kufezwa yi-geometry emnene yethambeka kanye nokuxinana kwezinto zokugcwalisa ezingqimba.
Ngalo mehluko womqondo, kungokwemvelo ukuthi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kohlobo ngalunye lwedamu kuthonywa kakhulu yizimo zendawo, ukutholakala kwezinto, izici zokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nezinhloso zokusebenza.
Izinzuzo Zamadamu Ekhonkrithi Uma Ziqhathaniswa Namadamu Omhlaba
1. Usayizi Wesakhiwo Esincane Nesisebenzayo Wezigodi Ezincane
Amadamu ekhonkrithi angakhiwa kancane kakhulu kunamadamu omhlaba ngoba ikhonkrithi inamandla aphezulu okucindezela futhi ingamelana namandla e-hydrostatic anezilinganiso ezincane. Ezigodini ezincane nezinde, amadamu ekhonkrithi—ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezinama-arched—avame ukukhethwa ngoba angasebenzisa i-topography ukuhambisa amandla ebusweni bedwala.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, amadamu omhlaba adinga imithambeka ethambile, ngaleyo ndlela adinga indawo enkulu. Ezindaweni ezixinene, lokhu kudinga isikhala kungaba yisithiyo esikhulu.
2. Amandla Okugeleza Kwe-Spillway Kulula Ukuwahlanganisa
Amadamu ekhonkrithi ngokuvamile avumela ukuthi imigwaqo yokuchitheka ihlanganiswe emzimbeni wedamu. Ukuchichima kungaklanywa ukuze kudlule ezingxenyeni ezithile zedamu lekhonkrithi ngokulawulwa okufanele kwe-hydraulic, isibonelo kusetshenziswa amasango okuvula, ama-ogee crests, noma iziteshi zokukhulula.
Emadamini obumba, indlela yokuchitheka kumele yakhiwe ngokwehlukana nomzimba oyinhloko ngoba amanzi ageleza phezu komhlaba angaguguleka izinto futhi abangele ukwehluleka. Ngenxa yalokho, amadami obumba avame ukudinga eminye indlela yokuchitheka, okwengeza ubunzima ekwakhiweni kwawo.
3. Imelana kakhulu nokuguguleka kobuso bomzimba wedamu
Ikhonkrithi inokumelana okukhulu nokuguguleka komhlaba okubangelwa amanzi emvula noma ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ingozi yokuguguleka kwamadamu ekhonkrithi incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa namadamu obumba, lapho imithambeka yawo isengozini enkulu yokuguguleka uma ukuvikelwa kwemithambeka (udonga, utshani, amatshe avikelayo) kunganele noma kungagcinwa kahle.
4. Ukulungiswa Komphezulu Okwenziwa Lula Nokuhlolwa Okubonakalayo
Imifantu, ukuvuza, noma umonakalo osendaweni emadamini ekhonkrithi kuvame ukutholakala kalula ngokuhlola okubonakalayo. Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ngokuvamile zine-geometry "ehlanzekile", evumela ukufinyelela okulula kokuhlola.
Emadamini obumba, izinkinga ezifana nokuguguleka kwamapayipi (ukuguguleka kwangaphakathi) noma ukuvuza okuyingozi kungavela ngaphakathi kodonga ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisobala zesixwayiso, okudinga amathuluzi aqeqeshiwe kanye nokuqapha.
5. Impilo Ende Yenkonzo Enokuguqulwa Okuncane
Amadamu ekhonkrithi abonisa ukuguquguquka okuncane kakhulu ngemva kokuqedwa. Ngomklamo omuhle, ikhwalithi yekhonkrithi, kanye nokulawulwa kwemifantu, amadamu ekhonkrithi angaba nesikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila. Nakuba amadamu omhlaba angahlala isikhathi eside, avame ukuzwa ukulungiswa okubalulekile, okudinga ukucatshangelwa ekwakhiweni kwezindawo eziphakeme, ibhodi elikhululekile, kanye nezici ezifana nemigwaqo yokuhlola.
Izinkinga Zamadamu Ekhonkrithi Uma Ziqhathaniswa Namadamu Omhlaba
1. Izindleko Zokwakha Ezingase Zibe Ziphakeme
Enye yezingqinamba ezinkulu zamadamu ekhonkrithi izindleko. Ikhonkrithi idinga usimende, ama-aggregates ekhwalithi, ukulawulwa kokushisa (ikakhulukazi kukhonkrithi enkulu), izindawo zokuhlanganisa, izinto zokwakha, kanye nabasebenzi abanekhono. Ezindaweni ezikude, izindleko zokuthutha usimende nemishini zingakhuphuka kakhulu.
Amadamu omhlaba avame ukonga kakhulu ngoba angasebenzisa izinto zasendaweni (indawo yokuboleka) ngaleyo ndlela anciphise izindleko zokuthenga nokuthutha izinto.
2. Ukuthembela Esisekelweni Esiqinile
Amadamu ekhonkrithi azwela kakhulu ezimweni zesisekelo. Ngenxa yemithwalo egxilile nemikhulu, izisekelo kumele zibe namandla okuthwala aphezulu futhi ziqine ngokumelene nokusikwa nokuphakanyiswa. Amacala amaningi adinga ukulungiswa kwesisekelo njengokufakwa kwe-grouting, ukukhishwa kwamanzi kwesisekelo, kanye nokuqinisa izindawo zamadwala eziqhekekile.
Amadamu omhlaba abekezelela kangcono ezinye izimo zesisekelo ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa komthwalo okulinganayo kanye nokucindezela okuphansi kokuthintana. Kodwa-ke, amadamu omhlaba asadinga ukulawulwa kokuvuza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izinqamuleli, izinhlaka ezingangeni, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi.
3. Ingozi Yokuqhekeka Nezinkinga Zokushisa
Ikhonkrithi ihlangabezana nokushisa komswakama futhi ibonakala ngokuncipha kokushisa nokukhula. Emadamini amakhulu ekhonkrithi, ukulawulwa kokushisa kuyinkinga ebalulekile; uma kungalawulwa, imifantu yokushisa ingakhula futhi idale izindlela zokuvuza. Ukwakheka okuhlangene, ukupholisa, izigaba zokukhipha, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo yizici ezibalulekile.
Amadamu omhlaba awabhekene nokuqhekeka kokhonkolo ngokushisa, yize esenengozi yokuqhekeka ngenxa yokuhlala okungalingani noma ukuzamazama komhlaba, ikakhulukazi endaweni engaphakathi engangeni amanzi.
4. Imithelela Yokuzamazama Komhlaba Ingaba Yinselele Ekhethekile
Ezindaweni ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba, amadamu ekhonkrithi kumele aklanywe ukuze amelane nokusheshisa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokucindezela kwe-hydrodynamic. Nakuba amadamu ekhonkrithi engahle aklanywe ukuze amelane nokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqina kwawo kwenza impendulo yawo enamandla ihluke futhi idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela.
Amadamu obumba avame ukuba nezimo eziguquguqukayo, okuwenza akwazi "ukuzivumelanisa" kakhulu nokuguquguquka kokuzamazama komhlaba ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, amadamu obumba nawo asengozini yokuncibilika ezindaweni ezithile uma izinto kanye nokuxinana kungafaneleki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphakama kokuzamazama komhlaba akuphelele, kodwa amadamu obumba avame ukubhekwa njenganokubekezelela okungcono kokuguquguquka.
5. Isikhathi Sokusetshenziswa Singaba Yinkimbinkimbi Kakhulu
Ukuphonswa kwekhonkrithi kudinga ukuhlela okuqinile, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqhubekayo, futhi kuvame ukuthintwa yisimo sezulu kanye nezidingo zokupholisa. Amadamu ekhonkrithi avamile angathatha isikhathi eside ukwakhiwa ngenxa yezigaba zokuphonswa kanye nokulawula ukushisa.
Amadamu omhlaba, kusetshenziswa indlela yokwemboza enezingqimba, angakhiwa ngokushesha uma izinto zokwakha ziningi futhi kukhona imishini esindayo, yize kusaxhomeke esimweni sezulu (ikakhulukazi imvula engavimbela ukuminyana).
Izinzuzo Zamadamu Omhlaba Avame Ukusebenza Kakhulu Kunamadamu Ekhonkrithi
Ukuze kulinganiswe ukuqhathanisa, kubalulekile ukusho ezinye zezizathu ezenza amadamu omhlaba avame ukukhethwa:
1. Ishibhile ezindaweni eziningi ngoba isebenzisa izinto zasendaweni.
2. Kulula ukwakha ngemishini evamile esindayo ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zekhonkrithi.
3. Ukuguquguquka kakhudlwana ekuguqukeni nasekuzinzeni, inqobo nje uma ukwakheka kwebhodi elikhululekile kanye nokuqina kwethambeka kwanele.
4. Kufanelekela izigodi ezibanzi lapho inani lokugcwaliswa elidingekayo lingeyona inkinga enkulu.
Kodwa-ke, amadamu omhlaba adinga ukunakwa okukhulu ekulawuleni ukuvuza kwamanzi, ukuvikelwa kokuguguleka komhlabathi, kanye nokusebenza kwezindawo zokuchitheka kwamanzi ngoba ukugcwala kwamanzi (amanzi agcwala phezu komzimba wedamu) kungenye yezimbangela eziyingozi kakhulu zokwehluleka kohlobo lwe-embankment.
Isiphetho
Amadamu ekhonkrithi anezinzuzo eziyinhloko zesimo esiqinile, ukuhlanganiswa okulula kokuphuma kwamanzi, ukumelana nokuguguleka komhlabathi, ukuguquguquka okuncane, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo. Kodwa-ke, amadamu ekhonkrithi nawo anezinkinga ezinkulu: angabiza kakhulu, adinga izisekelo eziqinile, asengozini yokuqhekeka kokushisa, futhi adinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokwakhiwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadamu obumba avame ukuba nezinzuzo ngokwezomnotho kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa kwezinto zasendaweni, kanye nokubekezelela okukhulu ukuguquka. Kodwa-ke, amadamu obumba asengozini enkulu yokuguguleka kanye nokwehluleka ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile futhi adinga ukwakheka kokuvuza okucophelela kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, ukukhetha phakathi kwedamu likakhonkolo nedamu lobumba akukwazi ukunqunywa yisici esisodwa. Isinqumo esingcono kakhulu kumele sicabangele izimo zejoloji, ukuma komhlaba, ukutholakala kwezinto, izingozi zamanzi, izingozi zokuzamazama komhlaba, izidingo zokusebenza, izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila, kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside. Ngocwaningo olufanele kanye nomklamo, zombili izinhlobo zamadamu zingaba ziphephile ngokulinganayo, zithembeke, futhi zihlale isikhathi eside.
