Izinhlobo Zama-Turbine kanye Nezicelo Zawo Ezinhlelweni Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi (i-PLTA) ziwumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo obalulekile wokuhlangabezana nezidingo zikagesi zomhlaba wonke. Ingxenye ebalulekile yesitshalo samandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi yi-turbine, eguqula amandla e-kinetic amanzi abe amandla omshini ukuze iqhube i-generator. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-turbine, ngalinye linezici ezithile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo zama-turbine asetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi kanye nendlela uhlobo ngalunye olusetshenziswa ngayo ohlelweni lwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi.
1. I-Pelton Turbine
I-Pelton turbine uhlobo lwe-impulse turbine eyenzelwe izindawo ezinamanzi aphezulu kanye namazinga okugeleza aphansi. Le turbine isebenza ngesimiso sokuthi amanzi aphuma embhobho ashaye isikhwama esondweni le-turbine. Lokhu kugeleza kwamanzi okunamandla aphezulu kubangela ukuthi isondo le-turbine lijikeleze kahle kakhulu.
Aplikasi:
Ama-turbine e-Pelton afanelekela izitshalo zikagesi ezisezindaweni zezintaba noma ezindaweni ezinamapayipi anomfutho ophezulu athola ukwehla okukhulu. Isibonelo, izitshalo eziningi zikagesi wamanzi eNorway zisebenzisa ama-turbine e-Pelton ngoba indawo enamagquma ithanda lolu hlobo lwe-turbine.
2. I-turbine kaFrancis
I-turbine evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamandla kagesi yi-Francis turbine. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine yokusabela lusebenza ngokuphoqa amanzi acindezelwe ngokusebenzisa ama-stator blades angene ku-rotor ejikelezayo. Ama-turbine e-Francis angasebenza kahle ezimweni eziningi zokuwa nokugeleza kwamanzi, okwenza abe nezimo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.
Aplikasi:
Ama-turbine e-Francis avame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi ezinokuphakama okuphakathi kuya kokuphezulu kanye nomthamo wokugeleza ophakathi kuya kokukhulu. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi asebenzisa amanzi njenge-Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant eShayina asebenzisa ama-turbine e-Francis.
3. I-Kaplan Turbine
Olunye uhlobo lwe-turbine oluvame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ngamanzi yi-turbine ye-Kaplan. Lena yi-turbine yokusabela eqhutshwa yi-propeller enama-blade alungisekayo. I-turbine ye-Kaplan yenzelwe ngqo ukuphakama okuphansi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi aphezulu.
Aplikasi:
Ama-turbine e-Kaplan avame ukusetshenziswa emifuleni emikhulu enamanzi amaningi kodwa umehluko omncane wokuphakama, njengalawo atholakala ezitshalweni zikagesi emifuleni emikhulu eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, njengeMifula iDanube neMississippi.
4. I-Turgo Turbine
I-turbine ye-Turgo iyinhlobonhlobo ye-turbine ye-impulse, efana ne-turbine ye-Pelton, kodwa ifanelekela ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu kanye nokuwa okuphakathi. Le turbine isebenzisa i-water jet eshaya ama-blade e-turbine nge-engeli ethile ukuze iqhube i-rotor.
Aplikasi:
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-Turgo Turbines asebenza kahle kakhulu ekugelezeni okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-Pelton Turbines, avame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla ezincane kuya kweziphakathi ezindaweni ezinezimvula ezimaphakathi kanye nokugeleza okwandayo, okutholakala kumaphrojekthi amaningi e-micro-hydro emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi eGreenland nasezingxenyeni zaseNingizimu Melika.
5. I-Crossflow Turbine (iBanki-Michel)
Ama-turbine e-Crossflow noma ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi ama-turbine e-Banki-Michel angama-turbine e-impulse aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo ezinamanzi aphansi kuya kwaphakathi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuguquguqukayo. Amanzi ageleza nge-turbine ngendlela ephambene, enikeza amandla amakhulu okusebenza.
Aplikasi:
Ama-turbine ahamba nge-crossflow asetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ezincane nezincane, ezifanelekela amadolobhana akude noma izindawo zasemakhaya ezidinga ikhambi lamandla elilula ukwakhiwa nelingabizi kakhulu. Amaphrojekthi eNepal nase-Indonesia ayizibonelo zokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalolu hlobo lwe-turbine.
6. Ibhalbhu ye-Turbine
I-turbine yebhalbhu, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-turbine ye-tubular, uhlobo lwe-turbine ye-Kaplan eyenzelwe ngqo ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi emadamini noma emasangweni okungena komoya. Lawa ma-turbine anezingxenye zawo zejeneretha ezivalelwe esakhiweni esingangeni manzi (i-bulb), okuvumela ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu.
Aplikasi:
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa i-bulb turbine zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezigeleza kancane, eziwa kancane, njenge-deltas yemifula noma izindawo ezinamanzi amaningi. Izibonelo zalobu buchwepheshe zingatholakala emadamini amaningana amakhulu emifula eNingizimu Korea.
Ukukhethwa Kwe-Turbine Ngokusekelwe Ezimweni Zamanzi
Ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-turbine kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zamanzi endaweni yesitshalo samandla. Kunezici eziningana ezithonya lokhu kukhetha, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ikhanda (Ukuconsa): Ukuphakama kweconsi lamanzi kuzokhawulela uhlobo lwe-turbine olungasetshenziswa. Ama-turbine e-Pelton afanelekela ama-head aphezulu, kanti ama-turbine e-Kaplan angcono kuma-head aphansi.
2. Izinga Lokugeleza: Umthamo wokugeleza kwamanzi otholakalayo unquma kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine. Ukugeleza okuphansi kufaneleka kuma-turbine asePelton, kanti ukugeleza okuphezulu kufaneleka kuma-turbine aseKaplan noma ama-bulb.
3. Ukuguquguquka Kokugeleza: Amandla okushintsha kokugeleza kwamanzi unyaka wonke nawo athinta ukukhetha kwe-turbine. Ama-turbine anama-blade alungisekayo, njenge-Kaplan, aguquguquka kakhulu ekuphatheni ukugeleza okuhlukahlukene kunama-turbine angaguquki.
Ubuchwepheshe Besimanje Nesikhathi Esizayo
Kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ama-turbine kagesi aqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje njengokulawula kwedijithali kanye nokuqapha okusekelwe ku-IoT (Internet of Things) sekuqalile ukusetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kokusebenza kwe-turbine yamanzi. Ucwaningo ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezilula kanye nemiklamo emisha ye-aerodynamic nalo luyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-turbine amasha afana nama-turbine alungele izinhlanzi aklanyelwe ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ezimpilweni zasemanzini aseba yinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwama-turbine esimanje.
Isiphetho
Ama-turbine ayinhliziyo yesistimu yamandla kagesi, futhi ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-turbine kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusimama kwesitshalo samandla kagesi. Njengoba kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-turbine ezitholakalayo, okuhlanganisa i-Pelton, i-Francis, i-Kaplan, i-Turgo, i-Crossflow, kanye ne-Bulb, indawo ngayinye ingakhetha i-turbine efaneleka kakhulu ezimweni zayo zamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, buhlinzeka ngezixazululo ezintsha nezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kagesi, okwenza kube ngenye yemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni amandla ahlanzekile nasimeme emhlabeni jikelele.
