Izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha nokuthi zenziwa kanjani
Amapulasitiki adlala indima ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kwanamuhla. Amadivayisi amaningi ezokwelapha—kusukela kumasirinji alahlwayo kanye nezikhwama ze-IV kuya kumapayipi kanye nezingxenye zokuxilonga—athembele ezintweni ze-polymer ngoba alula, ayaguquguquka, ashibhile, futhi angakhiqizwa ngobuningi ngekhwalithi efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki angaklanywa ukuze amelane namakhemikhali, abonakale, aguquguquke, noma aqine, futhi ahambisane nezindlela ezithile zokubulala amagciwane. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amapulasitiki afanele ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha: ukukhetha uhlobo lwepulasitiki kumele kucabangele ukuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo, ukumelana nokushisa/imisebe, ingozi yokufuduka okungeziwe, kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho.
Okulandelayo izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nencazelo yokuthi zenziwa kanjani (kokubili ukwenziwa kwezinto kanye nenqubo yokuzenza zibe imikhiqizo).
1. I-Polypropylene (PP)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: amasirinji (imiphongolo), izitsha zesampula, amabhodlela emithi, izivalo nezingxenye ezilahlwayo, amathuluzi okuhlinza alula, ukupakishwa kwezokwelapha.
Izinzuzo: ilula, iqinile, imelana namakhemikhali, ishibhile, futhi imelana nokushisa okwenza ifaneleke kwezinye izinqubo zokubulala amagciwane.
Imikhawulo: ukumelana/ukuvimbela umoya-mpilo akukuhle njengezinye ipulasitiki; emazingeni okushisa aphansi kungaba buthakathaka kakhulu.
Indlela yokwenza izinto (i-PP polymer): I-PP yenziwa nge-polymerization ye-propylene (i-hydrocarbon monomer) kusetshenziswa i-catalyst (isb., uhlelo lwe-Ziegler-Natta noma i-metallocene) ukukhiqiza uchungechunge lwe-polymer olunezakhiwo ezingalawuleki (i-crystallinity, amandla, kanye nokucaca).
Indlela yokwenza imikhiqizo yezokwelapha evela ku-PP:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: Ama-pellet e-PP ayancibilikiswa bese efakwa esikhumbeni ukuze kwenziwe izingxenye ezinembile njengezingxenye zesirinji, izixhumi, noma izivalo.
– Ukukhipha: ukwenza amashidi noma amaphrofayili athile, yize i-PP ivame ukubonakala njengengxenye eqinile.
– Ukubumba okufuthayo: kwamabhodlela noma izitsha ezithile ezingenalutho.
2. I-Polyethylene (PE: HDPE kanye ne-LDPE)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: amabhodlela emithi (i-HDPE), izikhwama eziguquguqukayo kanye nokupakisha (i-LDPE), ama-liners, izinhlobo ezithile zamapayipi alula, izingxenye zokuvikela.
Izinzuzo: ayimelani namakhemikhali, kulula ukuyicubungula, i-LDPE iyaguquguquka kanti i-HDPE iqinile futhi ibiza kancane.
Imikhawulo: akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-PE ezifanele amazinga okushisa aphezulu okubulala amagciwane; izakhiwo zokuvimbela igesi ezimaphakathi.
Indlela izinto ezenziwe ngayo (i-PE polymer): I-PE yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization ye-ethylene. Umehluko phakathi kwe-HDPE ne-LDPE uhlobene nesakhiwo se-polymer chain (branching) esithinta ubuningi nokuqina.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukubumba nge-Blow: kuvamile emabhodleleni e-HDPE.
– Ukukhishwa kwefilimu: kwezikhwama ze-LDPE noma izingqwembe.
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: kwezigqoko, izinto zokufaka ezilula, noma izingxenye ezincane.
3. I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: Amapayipi okufaka i-IV, izikhwama zegazi/ze-IV (eziningi ngokomlando), izifihla-buso ze-oxygen, amapayipi aguquguqukayo, amaphakethe athile ama-blister.
Izinzuzo: ingenziwa iguquguquke kakhulu, ibonakale, futhi imelane namakhemikhali amaningi; izindleko ziphansi kakhulu.
Imikhawulo: Ngokuvamile idinga ama-plasticizer ukuze kube nokuguquguquka; ukufuduka okungenzeka kwezithasiselo ezithile kuyinto ekhathazayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, i-PVC iya ngokuya ikhetha kakhulu kumadivayisi athile ezokwelapha noma ithathelwa indawo ngezinye izinto, kuye ngomklamo nemithethonqubo.
Indlela izinto ezenziwe ngayo (i-PVC polymer): zenziwa ngokupholisa i-vinyl chloride. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngendlela eguquguqukayo, i-PVC ixutshwa nezithasiselo (i-plasticizers, iziqinisi zokushisa, njll.) ukuze kwakhiwe i-compound.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukukhipha: kuvame kakhulu kumapayipi ezokwelapha.
– Ukufaka amakhalenda: amashidi amancane abese evalwa emaphaketheni.
– Ukushisela kwe-RF/ukuvala ukushisa: ukuhlanganisa amashidi e-PVC ukuze kwakheke izikhwama zokufaka noma izikhwama zegazi.
4. I-Polycarbonate (PC)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: izingxenye zemishini ye-dialysis, izindawo zokugcina amadivayisi ezokwelapha, izihlungi, izixhumi ezisobala, amadivayisi okuxilonga adinga ukucaca okuphezulu namandla.
Izinzuzo: iqinile kakhulu, imelana nokushayisana, isobala, izinzile ngokwezinga.
Imikhawulo: kubiza kakhulu; ukumelana namakhemikhali athile okuhlanza kudinga ukuhlolwa; ukukhetha indlela yokubulala amagciwane kumele kulungiswe.
Indlela izinto ezenziwe ngayo (i-PC polymer): I-PC ngokuvamile yenziwa ngokusabela kwe-polycarbonate okuvela kuma-monomers athile (imboni isebenzisa inqubo elawulwa ngokuqinile ukuze kube nobumsulwa nokusebenza kahle).
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: ukuze kutholakale izingxenye ezicacile ngokunemba.
– Ukukhipha + ukukhanda: kwamashidi/imigoqo ecutshungulwa kabanzi.
– Ukushisela nge-Ultrasonic: kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ze-PC kumadivayisi.
5. I-Polystyrene (PS) kanye nama-HIPS
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: izitsha ze-petri, amashubhu okuhlola, amapayipi alahlwayo, izingxenye zelebhu, amathileyi.
Izinzuzo: I-PS icacile futhi kulula ukuyibumba; ifanele imishini eminingi yelabhorethri.
Imikhawulo: ukuphuka kancane nokumelana nokushisa okulinganiselwe; akufaneleki emithwalweni ephezulu yemishini.
Indlela yokwenza izinto: I-PS yenziwe nge-polymerization ye-styrene.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: kwamapayipi, izitsha, kanye nezingxenye zelebhu.
– Ukulungisa ukushisa: Amashidi e-PS ayashiswa bese enziwa amathreyi/amaphakheji.
6. I-ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: izimbobo zedivayisi yezokwelapha, izibambo zemishini, izingxenye ezingafakelwanga ezidinga ukuqina.
Izinzuzo: iqinile, imelana nokushayisana, kulula ukuyicubungula futhi inombala.
Imikhawulo: ukumelana nokubulala amagciwane okushisa okuphezulu noma amakhemikhali athile kudinga ukuhlolwa; kaningi ingaphandle/indlu yedivayisi.
Indlela izinto ezenziwe ngayo: I-ABS iyi-copolymer ekhiqizwa ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko ukuze ilinganisele amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokulula kokucutshungulwa.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukubumba ngomjovo: indlela evame kakhulu yokubopha kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo.
– Ukuqeda: kungapendwa, kupholishwe, noma kuthungwe ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo ze-ergonomic.
7. I-polyurethane (PU)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: ama-catheter athile, ama-wound dressing, ama-pad, amapayipi akhethekile aguquguqukayo, izingxenye ezidinga ukunwebeka.
Izinzuzo: iguquguquka kakhulu, ingenziwa ithambe noma iqine kuye ngokuthi yenziwe kanjani, ezinye izinhlobo zinokumelana okuhle nokuguguleka.
Imikhawulo: izakhiwo zincike kakhulu ekwakhiweni; zidinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuhambisana nokuphepha.
Indlela yokwenza izinto: I-PU yenziwa ngokusabela phakathi kwezingxenye ze-isocyanate ne-polyol ukuze kwakhiwe i-polymer enezici ezilungisekayo.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukukhipha: kwamapayipi/ama-catheter.
– Ukubumba injection yokukhipha noma yokusabela (RIM): kwezingxenye ezithile ze-elastomeric.
– Ukwemboza: I-PU ivame ukusetshenziswa njengengubo ebusweni ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana.
8. I-Silicone (i-Silicone elastomer)
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: amapayipi ezokwelapha, izivalo, ama-catheter, izingxenye ezithintana nomzimba isikhathi eside, amadivayisi athile okuphefumula.
Izinzuzo: iyahambisana ne-bio, izinzile ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi, iyaguquguquka, futhi imelana nezinqubo eziningi zokubulala amagciwane.
Imikhawulo: ibiza kakhulu; inqubo yokukhiqiza ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunepulasitiki yezimpahla.
Indlela yokwenza izinto: i-silicone elastomer iyi-polymer esekelwe ku-siloxane bese ivulcanized/iphulukiswa (isibonelo ngohlelo lwe-platinum-cure noma i-peroxide) ukuze ibe yi-elastomer.
Indlela yokwenza umkhiqizo:
– Ukukhipha + ukupholisa: kuvamile kumapayipi e-silicone.
– Ukubumba kokucindezela/ukudlulisa: kwezimpawu kanye nezingxenye ezibunjwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi.
– Ukubumba umjovo we-Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR): kwemikhiqizo enembile ekhiqizwa ngobuningi.
9. I-PTFE (Teflon) kanye namanye ama-fluoropolymer
Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: ukumbozwa kwamathuluzi, amapayipi akhethekile, izingxenye ezidinga ukungqubuzana okuphansi kanye nokumelana okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali.
Izinzuzo: ukumelana namakhemikhali kakhulu, i-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, izinzile.
Imikhawulo: kunzima ukuyicubungula njengepulasitiki evamile ngenxa yokuncibilika/ukunamathela; izindleko eziphakeme.
Indlela yokwenza nokwakha:
– Ama-fluoropolymers afana ne-PTFE enziwa ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization yama-monomers athile ane-fluorinated futhi avame ukucutshungulwa nge-paste extrusion, i-sintering, noma ezinye izindlela ezikhethekile ngoba ukuziphatha kwawo kuhlukile kokwe-thermoplastics evamile.
Izigaba ezijwayelekile "zenqubo yokukhiqiza" yamadivayisi ezokwelapha epulasitiki efektri
Nakuba imininingwane ihlukahluka ngomkhiqizo ngamunye, inqubo yokukhiqiza amadivayisi ezokwelapha epulasitiki ivame ukufaka:
1. Ukukhethwa kwe-resin yezinga lezokwelapha
Ukusebenzisa ama-resin anezincazelo zezokwelapha (ubumsulwa, ukuhambisana kwenqwaba, amadokhumenti, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo njengoba kudingeka).
2. Ukuhlanganisa (uma kudingeka)
Ukuxuba i-resin nezithasiselo (iziqinisi, izinto zokufaka imibala, izinto zopulasitiki, izinto zokugcwalisa) kusetshenziswa i-extruder ehlanganisayo ukuze kufezwe ukufana. Ngezicelo zezokwelapha, izithasiselo zikhethwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokufuduka futhi kugcinwe ukuhambisana kokubulala inzalo.
3. Ukwakheka
– Ukubumba ngomjovo wezingxenye ezinembile ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nezindonga ezincane.
– Ukukhipha amapayipi, amaphrofayili, noma amafilimu.
– Ukubumba okufuthayo kwamabhodlela nezitsha ezingenalutho.
– Ukulungisa ukushisa kwamathileyi kanye nokupakisha.
– Ukubumba i-elastomer (LSR, ukucindezela) kwe-silicone kanye nezinye irabha zokwenziwa.
4. Ukuxhumana nokuhlanganiswa
Ingasebenzisa ukuvala ukushisa, ukushisela kwe-ultrasonic, ukubopha kwe-solvent, noma ukubopha okunamathelayo, kuye ngokuthi umkhiqizo unjani kanye nomsebenzi wawo.
5. Ukuhlanza, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlolwa
Kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kobukhulu, ukuhlolwa kokuvuza (kwamapayipi/izikhwama), ukuhlolwa kwamandla okuxhuma, ukuhlolwa kwezinhlayiya/ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali.
6. Ukuhlanza nokupakisha
Izindlela zokubulala amagciwane zingafaka umusi (umusi/i-autoclave), i-ethylene oxide (EtO), noma imisebe (gamma/e-beam). Akuwona wonke amapulasitiki angamelana nazo zonke izindlela, ngakho-ke ukukhethwa kwezinto kufanele kulandele uhlelo lokuqala lokubulala amagciwane. Ukupakisha nakho kuklanyelwe ukugcina ukungabi namagciwane kuze kube yilapho kusetshenziswa.
I-Penutup
Amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu kumadivayisi ezokwelapha—njenge-PP, i-PE, i-PVC, i-PC, i-PS, i-ABS, i-PU, i-silicone, kanye ne-PTFE—akhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwezakhiwo zemishini, ukucaca, ukuguquguquka, ukumelana namakhemikhali, izindleko, kanye nokuhambisana nokuhlanza ipulasitiki kanye nemithethonqubo. Inqubo yabo yokukhiqiza akuyona nje indaba “yokubumba ipulasitiki,” kodwa uchungechunge lwezinqubo kusukela ekukhetheni i-resin yezinga lezokwelapha, ukuhlanganisa, ukwakha (ukujova/ukukhipha/ukushaya/ukushisa), ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, kanye nokuhlanza ipulasitiki. Ngokulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile, izinto ze-polymer zisiza ekuletheni amadivayisi ezokwelapha aphephile, ahlanzekile angakhiqizwa ngempumelelo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezishintshayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.
