Izinhlobo Zepulasitiki Ezivame Ukusetshenziswa Ekupakisheni Nendlela Ezenziwa Ngayo
Ipulasitiki isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu yansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi embonini yokupakisha. Izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezisetshenziselwa ukupakisha zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo eziningana zepulasitiki ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekupakisheni nokuthi zenziwa kanjani.
1. I-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-PET uhlobo lwepulasitiki olusetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni iziphuzo, njengamabhodlela amanzi namabhodlela e-soda, futhi isetshenziswa nasekupakisheni ukudla. I-PET ithandwa ngoba ilula, iqinile, iyabonakala, futhi imelana nomswakama namagesi, ngaleyo ndlela igcina umkhiqizo uhlanzekile.
Izindlela zokwenza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PET kuqala ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-ethylene glycol ne-terephthalic acid, eyakha i-polymer ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-polycondensation. Uma i-polymer isibunjiwe, izinto ziyashiswa futhi zincibilike, bese zenziwa zibe yi-preform ngokusebenzisa i-injection molding. Le preform iyashiswa futhi bese ifuthwa ibe yi-mold ukuze kwakhiwe ibhodlela noma olunye upakisho, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-blow molding.
2. I-High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-HDPE uhlobo lwepulasitiki oluqinile, olungashayisani, futhi olumelana kahle namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. I-HDPE ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela obisi, amabhodlela okuhlanza, izikhwama zokuthenga, ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zamathoyizi.
Izindlela zokwenza
Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-HDPE ihilela ukwenziwa kwe-polymerization ye-ethylene ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi kusetshenziswa i-catalyst ethile. Uma i-polymer isivele yakhekile, i-HDPE iyancibilikiswa bese ikhishwa ibe amashidi, amapayipi, noma ama-pellets, angabe esebunjwa ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ezifana nokubumba, ukubumba nge-injection, kanye nokubumba i-roto, kuye ngomkhiqizo wokugcina owufunayo.
3. I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-PVC uhlobo lwepulasitiki oluguquguqukayo oluza ngezindlela ezahlukene, kusukela kolukhuni kuya koluguquguqukayo. I-PVC eguquguqukayo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amafilimu epulasitiki, amashidi, namaphakethe ama-blister, kuyilapho i-PVC eqinile isetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zamapayipi.
Izindlela zokwenza
I-PVC yenziwa nge-polymerization ye-vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Lokhu kusabela kuvame ukwenziwa kuma-reactor amakhulu ngaphansi kwezingcindezi ezithile namazinga okushisa. Umkhiqizo wokugcina we-PVC usesimweni sempuphu noma se-pellet, ongabe usuncibilikiswa bese wenziwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngezinqubo ezifana nokukhipha, ukuhlanganisa amakhalenda, noma ukubumba umjovo.
4. I-Polyethylene Ephansi (LDPE)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-LDPE yaziwa ngokuguquguquka kwayo, ukumelana nomswakama, kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezilula zokucubungula. I-LDPE ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhwama zepulasitiki, ukupakishwa okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokugqoka ifilimu yezinto ezifana nokugoqwa kokudla.
Izindlela zokwenza
I-LDPE yenziwa ngokupholishwa kwe-ethylene ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa, kusetshenziswa i-free radical initiator. Umkhiqizo uyi-resin engancibilikiswa futhi yenziwe ibe yizimo ezahlukahlukene ngezinqubo ezifana nokubumba kwe-extrusion blow kanye ne-cast film extrusion.
5. I-Polypropylene (PP)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-Polypropylene iyipulasitiki emelana nokushisa, amakhemikhali, kanye nokukhathala. I-PP isetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni edinga ukufudunyezwa, njenge-microwave, futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza izivalo zamabhodlela, utshani, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitsha.
Izindlela zokwenza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene kuhilela ukwenziwa kwe-polymerization ye-propene ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi kanye nokushisa kusetshenziswa i-catalyst ye-Ziegler-Natta noma i-catalyst ye-metallocene. Uma i-polymer isibunjiwe, izinto ziyancibilikiswa bese zikhishwa zibe ama-pellet, angabe esecutshungulwa kabanzi kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana nokubumba nge-injection, i-extrusion, kanye ne-blow molding ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo wokugcina.
6. I-Polystyrene (PS)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-Polystyrene iyipulasitiki eqinile, esobala, futhi ecutshungulwa kalula. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinkomishi zeziphuzo ezilahlwayo, izitsha zokudla, amathileyi enyama, kanye nezinto zokuvikela ezifana ne-Styrofoam.
Izindlela zokwenza
I-Polystyrene yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization ye-styrene monomer. Le nqubo ingaba i-bulk polymerization noma i-suspension polymerization, lapho i-styrene incibilikiswa khona futhi i-polymerized ngosizo lwe-free radical initiator. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ama-pellet noma amashidi angakhiwa abe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngezinqubo ezifana nokubumba umjovo, i-extrusion, noma i-thermoforming.
7. I-Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
Izici kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-Polymethyl Methacrylate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acrylic noma i-Plexiglas, iyipulasitiki ecacile eyaziwa ngokucaca kwayo kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu. I-PMMA ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha okudinga ukuboniswa okuhle, njengamabhokisi okubonisa kanye nokupakisha okuphezulu.
Izindlela zokwenza
I-PMMA yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization ye-methyl methacrylate. Le nqubo ihilela i-initiator efana ne-peroxide ukuqala ukusabela kwe-chain polymerization. I-PMMA eyakhiwe bese incibilikiswa bese ikhishwa noma ibunjwe ibe yisimo esifunwayo.
Isiphetho
Ipulasitiki ilethe izinzuzo eziningi embonini yokupakisha, kusukela ekuvikelweni komkhiqizo okuyinkimbinkimbi kuya ekucutshungulweni okulula kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki emvelweni. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kuphakathi kwezixazululo zokunciphisa umthelela omubi wemfucuza yepulasitiki.
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zepulasitiki nendlela ezenziwe ngayo akugcini nje ngokusinika ukuqonda ngezinqubo zezimboni kodwa futhi kusisiza senze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto, kokubili ekhaya nasezimbonini. Masiqhubeke nokuqamba izinto ezintsha futhi sisebenzisane ukuze sigcine iplanethi yethu ihlanzekile futhi inempilo!
