Izinhlobo Zepulasitiki Ezinobungani Nemvelo Nendlela Ezikhiqizwa Ngayo
Ipulasitiki isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, umthelela wayo emvelweni uyabhubhisa. Amapulasitiki avamile asekelwe kuphethiloli athatha amakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ukubola, engcolisa ulwandle nomhlabathi futhi asongela izilwane zasendle. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi kanye nezimboni bebesebenza kanzima ukuthola ezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo. Ngezansi kunezinhlobo ezithile zamapulasitiki anobungani nemvelo eziye zathuthukiswa nokuthi zikhiqizwa kanjani.
1. I-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Esetshenziswe Kabusha.
I-Deskripsi
I-polyethylene terephthalate, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-PET, uhlobo lwepulasitiki oluvame ukusetshenziswa emabhodleleni eziphuzo nasekupakisheni ukudla. Izinto eziningi ezintsha ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwe-PET zenze ukuthi izinto ziphinde zisetshenziswe, kunciphisa imfucuza kanye nesidingo sezinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Inqubo yokuvuselela i-PET ngokuvamile ihilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuqoqwa Nokuhlelwa: Imfucuza yepulasitiki yezilwane ezifuywayo iyaqoqwa futhi ihlungwe ngokusekelwe kumbala nokuhlanzeka.
2. Ukuwasha: I-PET iyagezwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola kanye nokungcola.
3. Ukuchoboza: I-PET ehlanzekile ichotshozwa ibe ama-flakes amancane noma i-ore yepulasitiki.
4. Ukukhipha: Ama-PET flakes ayancibilika bese ekhishwa abe ama-pellet amasha epulasitiki alungele ukusetshenziswa.
I-PET ephinde yasetshenziswa (rPET) ivame ukusetshenziswa kabusha ukwenza amabhodlela eziphuzo, imicu yezindwangu, kanye neminye imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene.
2. I-Polylactide (PLA)
I-Deskripsi
I-Polylactide, noma i-PLA, iyi-bioplastic eyenziwe ngemithombo evuselelekayo njengommbila, amazambane, noma ama-beet kashukela. I-PLA ingenye yezinhlobo ze-bioplastic ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokubola kwayo.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PLA kuhilela izigaba eziningana:
1. Ukukhishwa Koshukela: Ama-carbohydrate avela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa njengommbila ayakhishwa futhi abiliswe ukuze kukhiqizwe i-lactic acid.
2. Ukwenziwa kwe-polymerization: I-lactic acid ibe isidlula enkambisweni yokwenza i-polymerization ukuze yakhe amaketanga amade e-polylactide.
3. Ukwakheka: I-PLA ephumayo ingaguqulwa ibe yizimo ezahlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokukhipha, ukubumba ngomjovo, noma izinqubo zokushisa.
I-PLA isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusebenza njengokupakisha ukudla, izinto zokusika ezilahlwayo, kanye nezikhwama zepulasitiki ezibolayo.
3. I-Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
I-Deskripsi
Ama-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (ama-PHA) angama-bioplastic akhiqizwa amabhaktheriya ngokubiliswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ama-PHA akhanga kakhulu ngoba anezakhiwo ezifana nezepulasitiki ezivamile kodwa ayakwazi ukubola endaweni ezungezile.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PHA kuhilela izigaba eziningana:
1. Ukubiliswa Kwamagciwane: Amanye amabhaktheriya adliswa umthombo wekhabhoni njengamafutha emifino noma ama-fatty acid.
2. Ukwakheka kwe-PHA: Amabhaktheriya aguqula umthombo wekhabhoni ube yi-PHA, eqoqana kumaseli amabhaktheriya njengama-granule.
3. Ukukhipha Nokuhlanza: I-PHA ikhishwa emangqamuzaneni ebhaktheriya bese ihlanzwa ukuze kutholakale i-polymer efiselekayo.
I-PHA isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusebenza okuhlanganisa ukupakishwa kokudla, amadivayisi ezokwelapha abolayo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kanye.
4. I-Biopolyethylene (i-Bio-PE)
I-Deskripsi
I-Biopolyethylene, noma i-Bio-PE, iyinhlobonhlobo ye-polyethylene eyenziwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuselelekayo njengomoba. I-Bio-PE inezakhiwo ezifanayo ne-polyethylene evamile kodwa inomkhawulo ophansi wekhabhoni.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Bio-PE kuhilela izinyathelo eziningana:
1. Ukukhishwa Koshukela: Ushukela ukhishwa kumoba noma kwezinye izitshalo.
2. Ukubilisa: Ushukela uyabiliswa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-ethanol.
3. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni: I-ethanol iguqulwa ibe yi-ethylene ngenqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
4. Ukwenziwa kwe-polymer: I-ethylene ibe isifakwa i-polymer ibe yi-polyethylene.
Njenge-PE evamile, i-Bio-PE isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo okuhlanganisa ukupakishwa kokudla, izikhwama zepulasitiki, kanye nezingxenye zezimboni.
5. I-Cellulose Acetate
I-Deskripsi
I-Cellulose acetate iyipulasitiki etholakala ku-cellulose, ingxenye eyinhloko yezindonga zamaseli ezitshalo. Le pulasitiki ibilokhu isetshenziswa amashumi eminyaka futhi yaziwa ngokubola kwayo.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-cellulose acetate kuhilela izigaba eziningana:
1. Ukukhishwa kwe-Cellulose: I-Cellulose ikhishwa emithonjeni yezitshalo njengokhuni noma ukotini.
2. I-Acetylation: I-Cellulose iguqulwa ibe yi-cellulose acetate ngenqubo ye-acetylation kusetshenziswa i-acetic acid.
3. Ukwakheka: I-cellulose acetate ephumelayo ingakhiwa ibe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngokubumba ngomjovo noma amanye amasu okwakha.
I-cellulose acetate isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusebenza okuhlanganisa izihlungi zikagwayi, ifilimu yezithombe, kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi efana namakamu nezibuko zamehlo.
6. I-Polybutylenedipate Terephthalate (PBAT)
I-Deskripsi
I-Polybutylenedipate terephthalate (PBAT) iyi-polymer ebolayo evame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze ithuthukise izakhiwo zayo zemishini. I-PBAT iyisinqumo esikhangayo semikhiqizo esetshenziswa kanye ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwamandla kanye nokubola kwayo.
Indlela Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PBAT kuhilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. I-Polycondensation: I-PBAT yenziwa ngokusabela kwe-polycondensation phakathi kwe-butanediol, i-terephthalic acid, kanye ne-adipic acid.
2. Ukwakheka: I-PBAT ephumayo ingakhiwa ibe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa i-extrusion, i-injection molding, noma amanye amasu.
I-PBAT isetshenziswa kabanzi ezisetshenziswayo njengezikhwama zokuthenga ezibolayo, amafilimu ezolimo, kanye nemikhiqizo yokupakisha.
Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulasitiki anobungani nemvelo kubonisa ukuthi singanciphisa umthelela omubi wamapulasitiki avamile emvelweni. I-PET, i-PLA, i-PHA, i-Bio-PE ephinde yasetshenziswa, i-cellulose acetate, kanye ne-PBAT kumane kuyizibonelo ezimbalwa zamapulasitiki aklanyelwe ukuba ngcono emhlabeni wethu. Ngezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuselelekayo, lawa mapulasitiki anikeza izixazululo eziqhubekayo zesikhathi esizayo.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukushintshela kumapulasitiki anobungani nemvelo kuphela akwanele. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki, ukwandisa ukuvuselelwa kabusha, kanye nokushintsha ukuziphatha kwabathengi nakho kuyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yomhlaba wonke yamapulasitiki. Ngokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngemvelo, singaqhubekela phambili ekusaseni eliluhlaza nelihlala isikhathi eside.
