Ithiyori ekhethekile yokuhlobana - izinkinga nezixazululo
1. Into enobude obungamamitha angu-60 ihamba ngesivinini esingu -0.6 c (c = isivinini sokukhanya). Ngokusho komqapheli omile, buyini ubude bento?
Kwaziwa:
Ubude obufanele (Lo ) = amamitha angu-60
Isivinini sento (v) = 0.6 c
Okufunwayo: Ukufinyela kobude (L)
c = isivinini sokukhanya
L o = ubude obufanele
L = ukufinyela kobude
Ukufinyela kobude (L):
2. Isenzakalo esibonwe ngumqapheli omile imizuzwana eyi-12. Siyini isikhawu sesikhathi sesenzakalo, ngokusho komqapheli ohamba ngesivinini esingu-0.8 c (c = isivinini sokukhanya).
Kwaziwa:
Isikhathi somcimbi ngokusho komqapheli omile (t s ) = imizuzwana eyi-12
Ijubane lomqapheli (v) = 0.8 c
Okufunwayo: Isikhathi somcimbi ngokusho komseshi ohamba ngesivinini esingu-0.8 c (t m )
Isixazululo:
Isibalo sokwanda kwesikhathi:
t s = isikhathi esinqunyiwe ngokusho komqapheli omile
t m = isikhathi esinqunyiwe ngokusho komqapheli ohambayo
Isikhathi esinqunyiwe ngumqapheli ohambayo (tm ) :
Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezingu-20 eziphathelene nombono okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto:
1. Umbuzo: Yiziphi izinkolelo eziyisisekelo ezisekela inkolelo-mbono ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto?
Impendulo: Lezi zincazelo ezimbili yilezi: (1) Imithetho yefiziksi iyafana kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokubhekisela ze-inertial, kanye (2) Ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenamuntu lihlala njalo futhi alincikile ekunyakazeni komthombo noma komqapheli.
2. Umbuzo: Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isikhathi sinwetshwe ngokwemfundiso ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto?
Impendulo: Ukwanda kwesikhathi kubhekisela esimweni lapho isikhathi sibonakala sihamba kancane kumbukeli ohambayo uma kuqhathaniswa nomuntu ophumule, okunikezwa ubudlelwano Δt' = Δt/√(1 – v²/c²), lapho u-v kuyijubane elihlobene kanti u-c yijubane lokukhanya.
3. Umbuzo: Buyini ubude bokufinyela?
Impendulo: Ukufinyeza kobude kusikisela ukuthi into ibonakala imfushane endleleni yayo yokunyakaza ngokombono wombukeli omile, uma kuqhathaniswa nobude bayo obufanele lapho iphumule.
4. Umbuzo: Imfundiso ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto iwuthinta kanjani umqondo wokuvumelana kwezinto ngesikhathi esisodwa?
Impendulo: Imicimbi ebonakala ngesikhathi esisodwa kumbukeli oyedwa ingase ingabi ngesikhathi esisodwa komunye umbukeli ohamba ngesivinini esihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlangana ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyahambisana.
5. Umbuzo: Lisho ukuthini igama elithi “isisindo esivumelana nezimo”?
Impendulo: Isisindo esivumelanayo sibhekisela ekwandeni kwesisindo esisebenzayo sento njengoba ijubane layo lisondela esivinini sokukhanya. Sinikezwa yi-m = m₀/√(1 – v²/c²), lapho i-m₀ iyisisindo esisele.
6. Umbuzo: Ithiyori ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto ihlobana kanjani namandla kanye nobuningi?
Impendulo: Ubudlelwano bunikezwa yi-E = mc², okubonisa ukuthi amandla (E) kanye nobunzima (m) kuyalingana futhi kungaguqulwa kube okunye komunye nomunye.
7. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukubaluleka kwesivinini sokukhanya (c) kulo mbono?
Impendulo: Kumbono okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto, ijubane lokukhanya yijubane eliphezulu lapho ulwazi noma izinto zingahamba khona, futhi lihlala lingaguquguquki kuzo zonke izinhlaka ze-inertial.
8. Umbuzo: Kungani kungenakwenzeka ukuthi izinto ezinobunzima zifinyelele noma zidlule ijubane lokukhanya?
Impendulo: Njengoba ijubane lento lisondela esivinini sokukhanya, isisindo sayo esivumelanayo siyanda, sidinga amandla angenamkhawulo ukuze siyisheshise ijubane lokukhanya uqobo.
9. Umbuzo: Ukwengezwa kwejubane kusebenza kanjani ku-relativity ekhethekile?
Impendulo: Ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe besimanje, ijubane alingezi ngqo. Uma u kuyijubane lento eyodwa njengoba ibonwe kufreyimu ehamba ngejubane v, khona-ke ijubane layo ngokusho komqapheli omile lingu-u' = (u + v) / (1 + uv/c²).
10. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukuguqulwa kukaLorentz?
Impendulo: Ukuguqulwa kukaLorentz kuyifomula yezibalo ehlobanisa izixhumanisi zesikhala nesikhathi zomcimbi ohlakeni olulodwa olungenawo amandla nalezo ezikwelinye elihamba ngesivinini esingaguquki uma siqhathaniswa nesokuqala.
11. Umbuzo: Ukuhlobana okukhethekile kuthinta kanjani ukulondolozwa komfutho?
Impendulo: Umfutho usalokhu ugciniwe, kodwa incazelo yomfutho iba yi-relativistic, okuhlanganisa nesici sokwanda kwe-relativistic mass: p = mv/√(1 – v²/c²).
12. Umbuzo: Ingabe inkolelo-mbono ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto iyahambisana ne-mechanics yaseNewtonian?
Impendulo: Yebo, ngejubane elincane kakhulu kunejubane lokukhanya, izibikezelo zokuhlobana okukhethekile ziyahlangana neze-mechanics yaseNewtonian.
13. Umbuzo: Uyini umphumela wokwelulwa kwesikhathi ekugugeni?
Impendulo: Umuntu ohamba ngesivinini esivumelana nezimo angaguga kancane kunomuntu ohlala emile. Lena "i-twin paradox" lapho iwele elilodwa lihamba ngesivinini esicishe sibe sincane bese libuya lincane kunewele elasala ngemuva.
14. Umbuzo: Ubudlelwano obukhethekile buwachaza kanjani kabusha amandla?
Impendulo: Amandla aphelele ayisamba samandla okuphumula ento (mc²) kanye namandla ayo e-kinetic. Ngisho nalapho iphumule, into inamandla ngenxa yobukhulu bayo.
15. Umbuzo: Ingabe kukhona okungahamba ngokushesha kunokukhanya ngokwe-relativity ekhethekile?
Impendulo: Cha, ijubane lokukhanya liwumkhawulo wejubane ojwayelekile. Ama-tachyon, izinhlayiya ezicatshangelwayo ezihamba ngokushesha kunokukhanya, azihambisani nombono.
16. Umbuzo: Ubuningi buthinteka kanjani ngesivinini sokuzivumelanisa nezimo?
Impendulo: Njengoba ijubane lento lisondela esivinini sokukhanya, isisindo sayo esivumelanayo sikhula ngaphandle kwemingcele, sidinga amandla engeziwe ukuze kusheshiswe kakhulu.
17. Umbuzo: Iyiphi indima edlalwa yisimiso sokuba imbangela ekuhlobaneni okukhethekile?
Impendulo: Isimiso sokuba imbangela, lapho imbangela ilandela umphumela, sihlala sigcinwe ngendlela ekhethekile yokuhlobana, yingakho ijubane lomkhawulo wokukhanya libalulekile.
18. Umbuzo: Kuyini isikhathi sesikhala?
Impendulo: Isikhathi sesikhala sihlanganisa izilinganiso ezintathu zesikhala nesilinganiso sesine sesikhathi sibe yi-continuum enezinhlangothi ezine, ebalulekile ohlakeni lokuhlobana.
19. Umbuzo: Ukuhlobana okukhethekile kubheka kanjani isikhala nesikhathi esiphelele?
Impendulo: Ukuhlobana okukhethekile kuyaphika ukuthi kukhona isikhala nesikhathi esiphelele. Kokubili kuyahambisana futhi kungahluka kuye ngesimo somuntu sokunyakaza.
20. Umbuzo: Iyini "i-inertial frame of reference"?
Impendulo: Uhlaka lwereferensi olungenawo amandla yilolo lapho izinto zihlala ziphumule noma zihamba ngesivinini esingaguquki ngaphandle kokuthi zisetshenziswe amandla angaphandle. Luhlaka lapho umthetho wokuqala wokunyakaza kaNewton ubamba khona.
Ithiyori ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto, eyethulwa ngu-Albert Einstein, yashintsha ukuqonda kwethu isikhala, isikhathi, amandla, kanye nezinto. Imiphumela yayo ifinyelela ezindaweni eziningi zefiziksi yanamuhla futhi iye yaqinisekiswa ngokuhlola.
