I-physics

Isihloko mayelana nokuguqulwa kwezikali zokushisa

Isikali seCelsius kanye nesikali seFahrenheit ziyizilinganiso zokushisa ezahlukene. Uma izinga lokushisa lento lilinganiswa futhi livezwa esikalini seCelsius, khona-ke sifuna ukusho izinga lokushisa lento esikalini seFahrenheit bese silishintsha kusuka esikalini seCelsius siye esikalini seFahrenheit. Kulesi sigaba, sifunda ukushintsha noma ukuguqula isikali sokushisa.

Uma ingcindezi ingu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa lendawo yokubanda ye-thermometer ye-Celsius = 0 ^oC, kuyilapho i-thermometer ye-Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekucindezelweni okungu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa iphuzu lokubilisa kwe-thermometer yesikali se-Celsius = 100 ^oC, kuyilapho i-thermometer enesilinganiso se-Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF.

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Isihloko mayelana nama-Thermometer kanye nezikali zokushisa

1. Ama-thermometer

Ithuluzi elenzelwe ukukala izinga lokushisa yi-thermometer. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-thermometer, kodwa isimiso sokusebenza sifana. Ngokuvamile, sisebenzisa izinto ze-thermometric, uhlobo lwezinto ezishintsha ngokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lento lishintsha, ukuma, nosayizi wento nakho kuyashintsha. Ama-thermometer amaningi asebenzisa izinto ezingakhula noma zinciphe lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Ama-thermometer avame ukusetshenziswa aqukethe amashubhu engilazi, lapho kukhona khona utshwala noma i-mercury phakathi nethubhu. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, utshwala noma i-mercury esitsheni iyakhula ukuze ubude bekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury bukhuphuke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, ubude bekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury buyancipha. Ngaphandle kwethubhu yengilazi, kunezinombolo eziyisilinganiso se-thermometer. Inombolo ekhonjiswa yisiphetho esiphezulu sekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury isho inani lokushisa lento elinganiswayo.

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Isihloko mayelana noMthetho we-Zeroth we-Thermodynamics

Kuze kube manje, sibone kuphela ukulingana kokushisa okubonwa yizinto ezimbili ezithintanayo.

Ukuze siqonde umqondo wokulingana kokushisa ngokujulile, ake sibukeze izinto ezintathu (ake sithi izinto A, into B, kanye nezinto C). Isibonelo, into B kanye nento C azithintani, kodwa into A ithintana nento B kanti into A ithintana nento C. Buka isithombe esingezansi. Ngoba lapho ithintana nento ngayinye ngaphandle kwento A kanye nento B ku-equilibrium yokushisa, ngakho-ke into A kanye nento C ku-equilibrium yokushisa. Ingabe izinto B kanye no-C ezingathintani nazo zi-equilibrium yokushisa? Uma sisebenzisa i-logic kuphela, singasho ukuthi into B kanye nento C nazo zi-equilibrium yokushisa, yize zingathintani. Into A kanye nento B zi-equilibrium yokushisa, okusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa lento A = izinga lokushisa lento B.

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Isihloko mayelana nencazelo yokushisa kanye nokulingana kokushisa

Incazelo yokushisa

Wake wathinta iqhwa? Uzizwa kanjani uma izandla zakho zithinta iqhwa? Kuthiwani uma lokho okuthintayo kungumlilo? Uma uthinta iqhwa, izandla zakho zizwa zibanda, uma uthinta umlilo, izandla zakho zizwa zishisa. Kusho ukuthini ukushisa, ukufudumala, ukubanda, nokubandayo?

Umqondo wokushisa uqala ekushiseni nasekubandani okubonwa umuzwa wethu wokuthinta. Ngokusekelwe kulokho okuzwakala umuzwa wokuthinta, sithi into ishisa kakhulu kunenye into noma into ipholile kunenye. Izinto ezishisayo zinamazinga okushisa aphezulu, kuyilapho izinto ezibandayo zinamazinga okushisa aphansi. Uma into ipholile, izinga lokushisa liphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma into ishisa kakhulu, izinga lokushisa liphakeme. Isilinganiso sokushisa noma ukubanda kwento sibizwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa. Esihlokweni se-gas kinetic theory, uzoqonda ngokujulile incazelo yokushisa; kwenzekani kuma-molecule avela entweni ukuze izwakale ishisa, ifudumele, ipholile noma ibanda.

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Isihloko mayelana nezigaba zezinto (ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu)

Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukuhlangana nezigaba ezintathu ezahlukene zezinto. Kukhona izinto eziqinile (isib. amatshe, insimbi, njll.), uketshezi (amanzi, uphethiloli, njll.) kanye nezinto zegesi (umoya, njll.). Izigaba ezintathu zalezi zinto zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokugcina isimo nobukhulu bazo.

Izinto eziqinile zivame ukugcina isimo nomthamo ozinzile. Uketshezi alugcini isimo esinamathele, kodwa lulungisa indlela yalo esitsheni esihlalwa kuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, isimo siyashintsha njengengilazi. Uma amanzi efakwa ebhavinini, isimo siyashintsha njengebhavinini. Umthamo woketshezi uvame ukuhlala uzinzile. Ingilazi yamanzi uma ifakwa ebhavinini, inani lamanzi lihlala engilazini. Isimo samanzi singashintsha, kodwa usayizi awushintshi neze. Khumbula ukuthi inani lezinto eziqinile kanye noketshezi lingashintsha uma linikezwe amandla anele.

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Isihloko mayelana nethiyori ye-Atomic kanye nethiyori ye-kinetic

Ithiyori ye-athomu

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, amaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi yonke into emsulwa (njengegolide, insimbi, njll.) yayiqukethe ama-athomu. Ngokusho kwawo, uma into emsulwa isikwa ibe yizicucu ezincane, khona-ke izingxenye ezincane ziyasikwa futhi, bese zisikwa emuva… njalo njalo, khona-ke kuzoba nezicucu ezincane kakhulu ezingenakusikwa futhi. Izicucu ezincane kakhulu ezingenakusikwa futhi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. I-Atom isho ukuthi “ayinakuhlukaniswa” (ulimi lwesiGreki)

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-athomu ibhekwa njengengasahlukanisiwe. Kodwa kamuva abanye ososayensi bathola ama-electron nama-nuclei e-athomu (ama-proton nama-neutron) kangangokuthi ukucabanga ukuthi ama-athomu awakwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwakungalungile. Ngakho-ke, ama-athomu akhiwa ama-electron (ashajwe kabi) kanye nama-nuclei e-athomu. Ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus. Ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, kukhona ama-proton (ashajwe kahle) kanye nama-neutron (angathathi hlangothi noma angashajwe).

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Isihloko mayelana nezinguquko zesigaba Izinga lokushisa elibucayi Amaphuzu amathathu

Ekuxoxweni ngomthetho wegesi ofanele, kuchazwe ukuthi umthetho wegesi ofanele uchaza ukuziphatha kwegesi yangempela ngokunembile kuphela uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kungekukhulu kakhulu. Uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu ngokwanele, umthetho wegesi ofanele unikeza imiphumela enganembile, ngokufanayo, lapho izinga lokushisa legesi langempela lisondela endaweni yokubila. Lokhu kuhlobene nokusebenzisana okwenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule egesi langempela. Ingcindezi yegesi ilingana ngokuphambene nomthamo wegesi. Uma ingcindezi yegesi inkulu ngokwanele, umthamo wegesi uba mncane. Ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wegesi uphansi, ibanga phakathi kwama-molecule egesi liyasondela. Lapho ibanga phakathi kwama-molecule lisondela, ama-molecule ayakhangana. Kufana nalapho ubeka ucezu lwensimbi kumagnet. Uma ibanga phakathi komazibuthe nensimbi lide ngokwanele, umazibuthe awukwazi ukudonsa insimbi. Kodwa uma ibanga phakathi komazibuthe nensimbi liseduze, insimbi iyasondela.

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UVan der Walls igama lesazi sefiziksi saseDashi, uJD van der Waals (1837-1923). I-Van der Waals Equation of State iyi-equation of state of a gas, efana ne-Equation of state of an ideal gas. Umehluko uwukuthi, I-equation of state of an ideal gas ayikwazi ukunikeza imiphumela enembile uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu ngokwanele. Kanti i-Equation of State kaVan der Waals ingaveza imiphumela enembile kakhudlwana.

Ukuba khona kwalesi sibalo kuvela kuVan der Waals, owaqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwesibalo sesimo esifanele. Ama-Waals, shintsha isibalo sesimo segesi esifanele, ngokungeza izici eziningana ezithinta nesimo segesi yangempela, lapho ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu.

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Inqubo yokuhwamuka ingachazwa kusetshenziswa i-kinetic theory. Njengama-molecule egesi, ama-molecule amanzi nawo ayahamba. Umehluko ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi awakwazi ukuhlakazeka ngoba ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule kusengawabamba ndawonye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule egesi kuyantengantenga, ngakho ama-molecule egesi awakwazi ukuhlangana. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane. Kukhona ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu; kukhona nama-molecule amanzi anejubane elincane. Ukusabalala kwejubane le-molecule yamanzi kufana nokusabalala kwe-Maxwell.

Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka lapho ijubane lama-molecule amanzi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi akukwazi ukukubamba ndawonye. Njengoba kunjalo ngamarokhethi ahamba emkhathini, ijubane lerokhethi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba awakwazi ukuwubamba ukuze uhlale emhlabeni. Qaphela ukuthi ama-molecule anejubane elikhulu kuphela angaphunyuka ekukhanganeni phakathi kwama-molecule. Ama-molecule anejubane elincane ahlala ndawonye njengamanzi.

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Ukubilisa kuyinqubo yokushintsha uketshezi lube yigesi. Ukubilisa kwenzeka lapho umfutho womoya ogcwele ulingana nomfutho womoya (umfutho womoya = umfutho womoya). Sixoxa ngamanzi abilayo kuphela. Umfutho womoya ogcwele ulingana ngqo nokushisa kwamanzi, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphakeme, umfutho womoya ogcwele uphakeme. Uma sifudumeza amanzi, amabhamuza amancane avame ukuvela phansi kwesitsha. Ukuba khona kwamabhamuza kubonisa ushintsho koketshezi lube yigesi. Uma umfutho womoya ogcwele ungaphakathi kwebhamuza uncane kunomfutho womoya wangaphandle, ibhamuza lizoncipha futhi liqhekeke ngaphambi kokufika ebusweni. Amabhamuza ayabhujiswa ngoba amandla okusunduza emoyeni wangaphandle aphezulu kunamandla okusunduza komusi ngaphakathi kwebhamuza. Umfutho womoya wangaphandle uphakeme kunomfutho womoya ebhamuza ukuze umoya wangaphandle ube namandla abaluleke kakhulu (P = F / A).

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