Izinqubo ezingama-30 ze-Isochoric thermodynamics - izinkinga nezixazululo
1. Umdwebo we-PV ngezansi kukhombisa igesi ekahle idlula ku-isoi-choric inqubo. Bala umsebenzi kwenziwa yigesi enqubweni i-AB.
Isixazululo:
Inqubo AB iyi- inqubo ye-isochoric (ivolumu engaguquki). Ivolumu ayiguquki ukuze kungabikho msebenzi owenziwa yigesi.
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2. Ama-mole amathathu egesi ye-monoatomic ku-47oC kanye naku- ingcindezi 2 x 105 I-Pa, idlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric ukuze ingcindezi ikhuphuke ngo-3 x 105 I-Pa. Ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi egesi lu… I-Universal gas constant (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
Kwaziwa:
Okokuqala lokushisa (T1= = 47oC + 273 = 320 K
Ingcindezi yokuqala (P)1) = 2 x 105 Pa
Ingcindezi yokugcina (P)2) = 3 x 105 Pa
I-Universal gas constant (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
Inani lama-moles (n) = 3
Okufunayo: Ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi egesi.
Isixazululo:
Enqubweni ye-isochoric, ivolumu igcinwa ingaguquguquki ukuze kungabikho msebenzi owenziwa yigesi (W = 0).
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics :
ΔU = QW
ΔU = Q-0
ΔU = Q
ΔU = amandla angaphakathi, Q = ukushisa
Amandla angaphakathi egesi:
ΔU = 3/2 n R ΔT = 3/2 n R (T2 - T1)
Gay-Lussacumthetho ka- (ivolumu engaguquki) :
Ushintsho emandleni angaphakathi egesi:
ΔU = 3/2 n R (T2 - T1) = 3/2 (3)(8.315)(480-320)
ΔU = 3/2 (24.945) (160) = 3/2 (3991.2)
ΔU = 5986.8 amaJoule
3. Ama-mole angu-0.2 amagesi e-monatomic ku-27oAma-C asesitsheni esivaliwe. ukushisa yengezwa kugesi ukuze izinga lokushisa legesi libe ngu-400 K… i-Universal gas constant (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
Kwaziwa:
Inani lama-moles (n) = 0.2 mol
Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T)1= = 27oC + 273 = 300 K
Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T)2) = 400 K
Igesi engaguquki yendawo yonke (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
wayefuna : Ukushisa kuyangezwa (Q)
Isixazululo:
Enqubweni ye-isochoric, ivolumu igcinwa ingaguquguquki ukuze kungabikho msebenzi owenziwa yigesi (W = 0).
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics:
ΔU = QW
ΔU = Q-0
ΔU = Q
ΔU = amandla angaphakathi, Q = ukushisa
Amandla angaphakathi egesi:
ΔU = 3/2 n R ΔT = 3/2 n R (T2 - T1)
ΔU = 3/2 (0.2) (8.315) (400-300)
ΔU = 3/2 (0.2)(8.315)(100)
ΔU = 249.45 amaJoule
4. Bala ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwegesi efanelekile edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric kusukela ekushiseni kokuqala okungu-300 K kuya ekushiseni kokugcina okungu-400 K. Ake sithi ama-mol amabili egesi, kanye nomthamo wokushisa we-molar kuvolumu engaguquki (Cᵥ) ngu-20 J/(mol K).
Isixazululo: ΔQ = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 2 mol × 20 J/(mol K) × (400 K – 300 K) = 4000 J
5. Thola ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi enkingeni engenhla.
Isixazululo: ΔU = ΔQ = 4000 J
6. Nquma umsebenzi owenziwe ohlelweni ngesikhathi senqubo ye-isochoric yezimo ezingenhla.
Isixazululo: W = 0 J (njengoba ivolumu ingashintshi, akukho msebenzi owenziwayo)
7. Ukuze uthole igesi efanele ye-monatomic edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric, uma ingcindezi yokuqala ingu-2 atm kanti ingcindezi yokugcina ingu-3 atm, iyini isilinganiso samazinga okushisa okugcina nawasekuqaleni?
Isixazululo: Njengoba i-P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂, i-T₂/T₁ = 3/2
8. Iyini inguquko ye-entropy yegesi efanele enqubweni ye-isochoric lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-300 K kuya ku-600 K, kanye no-n = 2 mol, i-Cᵥ = 20 J/(mol·K)?
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 2 × 20 × ln(600/300) ≈ 27.73 J/K
9. Uma isimo sokuqala segesi efanele ye-diatomic sichazwa yi-V = 2 L, P = 1 atm, kanye ne-T = 300 K, thola ingcindezi yokugcina uma izinga lokushisa liphindwe kabili enqubweni ye-isochoric.
Isixazululo: P₂ = 2 × P₁ = 2 atm
10. Thola ushintsho kumandla amahhala e-Gibbs enqubo ye-isochoric.
Isixazululo: ΔG = 0 (Ngenqubo ye-isochoric ohlelweni oluvaliwe, ΔG = 0)
11. Bala izinga lokushisa lokugcina legesi efanelekile edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric uma izinga lokushisa lokuqala lingu-200 K, kanti ingcindezi yokuqala neyokugcina ingu-2 atm kanye no-4 atm, ngokulandelana.
Isixazululo: T₂ = 2 × T₁ = 400 K
12. Ukuze uthole igesi efanelekile, uma umthamo wokushisa kuvolumu engaguquki (Cᵥ) ingu-30 J/(mol·K), thola ukudluliselwa kokushisa lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-300 K kuya ku-450 K, kanye ne-3 mol yegesi.
Isixazululo: ΔQ = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 3 × 30 × 150 = 13500 J
13. Ngenqubo efanayo naleyo engenhla, bala ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi.
Isixazululo: ΔU = ΔQ = 13500 J
14. Nquma ushintsho lwe-entropy lwenqubo ye-isochoric nge-n = 1 mol, i-Cᵥ = 25 J/(mol K), i-T₁ = 200 K, kanye ne-T₂ = 400 K.
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 25 × ln(2) ≈ 17.33 J/K
15. Thola umsebenzi owenziwe uhlelo ngesikhathi senqubo ye-isochoric yama-mol angu-3 egesi, bese izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-200 K kuya ku-300 K.
Isixazululo: W = 0 J (njengoba ivolumu ingashintshi, akukho msebenzi owenziwayo)
16. Bala ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwegesi efanelekile edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric enokushisa kokuqala okungu-150 K, izinga lokushisa lokugcina elingu-300 K, kanye ne-Cᵥ = 15 J/(mol·K) kuma-mol angu-4 egesi.
Isixazululo: ΔQ = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 4 × 15 × 150 = 9000 J
17. Iyini inguquko ye-entropy yegesi efanele enqubweni ye-isochoric ene-n = 1 mol, i-Cᵥ = 30 J/(mol·K), i-T₁ = 100 K, kanye ne-T₂ = 200 K?
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 30 × ln(2) ≈ 20.79 J/K
18. Thola ingcindezi yokugcina yegesi edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric, uma ubheka ukuthi i-P₁ = 5 atm, i-T₁ = 250 K, kanye ne-T₂ = 500 K.
Isixazululo: P₂ = (T₂/T₁) × P₁ = 2 × 5 atm = 10 atm
19. Thola ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwama-mol angu-5 wegesi elifanele le-monatomic elidlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric kusuka ku-300 K kuya ku-600 K. Cabanga ukuthi i-Cᵥ = 15 J/(mol K).
Isixazululo: ΔQ = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 5 × 15 × 300 = 22500 J
20. Luyini ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi enkingeni engenhla?
Isixazululo: ΔU = ΔQ = 22500 J
21. Nquma ushintsho lwe-entropy lwenqubo ye-isochoric lapho u-n = 2 mol, u-Cᵥ = 25 J/(mol K), u-T₁ = 300 K, kanye no-T₂ = 600 K.
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 2 × 25 × ln(2) ≈ 34.66 J/K
22. Bala izinga lokushisa lokugcina le-1 mol yegesi ye-monatomic efanele edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric uma izinga lokushisa lokuqala lingu-400 K, kanti ingcindezi yokuqala neyokugcina ingu-3 atm kanye no-6 atm, ngokulandelana.
Isixazululo: T₂ = 2 × T₁ = 800 K
23. Ukuze uthole igesi efanele ye-diatomic edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric, bala ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-300 K kuya ku-600 K, kanye ne-2 mol yegesi, kanye ne-Cᵥ = 30 J/(mol·K).
Isixazululo: ΔU = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 2 × 30 × 300 = 18000 J
24. Bala ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwegesi efanelekile edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric enokushisa kokuqala okungu-100 K, izinga lokushisa lokugcina elingu-300 K, kanye ne-Cᵥ = 20 J/(mol·K) kuma-mol angu-2 egesi.
Isixazululo: ΔQ = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 2 × 20 × 200 = 8000 J
25. Thola umsebenzi owenziwe ohlelweni ngesikhathi senqubo ye-isochoric yezimo ezingenhla.
Isixazululo: W = 0 J (njengoba ivolumu ingashintshi, akukho msebenzi owenziwayo)
26. Iyini inguquko ye-entropy yegesi efanele enqubweni ye-isochoric lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-400 K kuya ku-800 K, kanye no-n = 3 mol, i-Cᵥ = 20 J/(mol·K)?
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 3 × 20 × ln(2) ≈ 41.58 J/K
27. Thola ushintsho kumandla amahhala e-Gibbs enqubo ye-isochoric.
Isixazululo: ΔG = 0 (Ngenqubo ye-isochoric ohlelweni oluvaliwe, ΔG = 0)
28. Thola ingcindezi yokugcina yegesi edlula enkambisweni ye-isochoric, uma ubheka ukuthi i-P₁ = 3 atm, i-T₁ = 300 K, kanye ne-T₂ = 450 K.
Isixazululo: P₂ = (T₂/T₁) × P₁ = 1.5 × 3 atm = 4.5 atm
29. Bala ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi ohlelweni oludlula enqubweni ye-isochoric ene-3 mol yegesi, i-Cᵥ = 20 J/(mol K), bese izinga lokushisa lishintsha kusuka ku-200 K kuya ku-400 K.
Isixazululo: ΔU = n × Cᵥ × ΔT = 3 × 20 × 200 = 12000 J
30. Nquma ushintsho lwe-entropy lwenqubo ye-isochoric lapho u-n = 4 mol, u-Cᵥ = 30 J/(mol K), u-T₁ = 150 K, kanye no-T₂ = 300 K.
Isixazululo: ΔS = n × Cᵥ × ln(T₂/T₁) = 4 × 30 × ln(2) ≈ 55.86 J/K
Lezi zinkinga zihlanganisa imiqondo ehlukahlukene ehlobene nezinqubo ze-isochoric, njengokudluliselwa kokushisa, ushintsho lwamandla angaphakathi, umsebenzi owenziwe, ushintsho lwe-entropy, nokuningi.
