Izinkinga kanye nezixazululo zoketshezi

Izinkinga kanye nezixazululo zoketshezi

Ithiyori kaTorricelli

1. Isitsha esigcwele amanzi futhi kukhona imbobo , njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Uma ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi kungu-10 ms ^-2 , lingakanani ijubane lamanzi adlula kulowo mbobo?

Kwaziwa:

Ukuphakama (h) = 85 cm – 40 cm = 45 cm = 0.45 amamitha

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 m/s ²

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi (v)

Isixazululo:

Ithiyori kaTorricelli ithi amanzi ashiya umgodi ngesivinini esifanayo nento ewa ngokukhululeka isuka ekuphakameni okufanayo. Ukuphakama (h) = 85 cm – 40 cm = 45 cm = 0.45 amamitha

Ijubane lamanzi libalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation yokunyakaza kokuwa kwamahhala :

v _t ² = 2 gh

v _t ² = 2 gh = 2(10)(0.45) = 9

v _t = √9 = 3 m/s

2. Isitsha esigcwele amanzi futhi kukhona imbobo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Uma ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi kungu-10 ms ^-2 , liyini ijubane lamanzi kulowo mbobo.

Kwaziwa:

Ukuphakama (h) = 1.5 m – 0.25 m = 1.25 amamitha

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 m/s ²

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi (v)

Isixazululo:

v _t ² = 2 gh = 2(10)(1.25) = 25

v _t = √25 = 5 m/s

3. Isitsha esigcwele amanzi futhi kukhona imbobo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Uma ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi kungu-10 ms ^-2 , liyini ijubane lamanzi kulowo mbobo.

Kwaziwa:

Ukuphakama (h) = 1 m – 0.20 m = 0.8 amamitha

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 m/s ²

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi (v)

Isixazululo:

v _t ² = 2 gh = 2(10)(0.8) = 16

v _t = √16 = 4 m/s

4. Isitsha esigcwele amanzi futhi kukhona imbobo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Uma ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi kungu-10 ms ^-2 , liyini ijubane lamanzi kulowo mbobo.

Kwaziwa:

Ukuphakama (h) = 20 cm = 0.2 amamitha

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 m/s ²

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi (v)

Isixazululo:

5. Isitsha esigcwele amanzi futhi kunezimbobo ezimbili , njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Iyini isilinganiso sika-x ₁ kuya ku-x ₂?

Isixazululo

Isikhathi sokuwa kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuphuma emgodini 1:

h = 1/2 ku- ²

0.8 = 1/2 (10) t ²

0.8 = 5 t ²

t ² = 0.8 / 5 = 0.16

t = imizuzwana emi-0.4

Isikhathi sokuwa kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuphuma emgodini 2:

h = 1/2 ku- ²

0.5 = 1/2 (10) t ²

0.5 = 5 t ²

t ² = 0.5 / 5 = 0.1

t = √0.1 isekhondi

Ibanga elivundlile (x):

x ₁ = v ₁ t ₁ = (2)(0.4) = 0.8 amamitha

x ₂ = v ₂ t ₂ = (√10)(√0.1) = (10)(0.1) = 1 imitha

Isilinganiso sika-x ₁ kuya ku-x ₂ :

x _{1 :} x ₂ = 0.8 : 1 = 8 : 10 = 4 : 5

Isibalo sokuqhubeka

6. Amanzi ageleza ngepayipi elinobubanzi obuhlukahlukene, u-A kuya ku-B bese kuba u-C. Isilinganiso sika-A kuya ku-C singu-8: 3. Uma ijubane lamanzi epayipini u-A lingu-v, liyini ijubane lamanzi epayipini u-C.

Kwaziwa:

Indawo ye-A (A)_A= = 8

Indawo ye-C (A _C ) = 3

Isivinini samanzi epayipini A (v _A ) = v

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi epayipini C (v _C )

Isixazululo:

Isibalo sokuqhubeka:

A _A v _A = A _C v _C

8 v = 3 v _C

v _C = 8/3 v

7. Uma ijubane lamanzi epayipini elinobubanzi obungu-12 cm lingu-10 cm/s, lingakanani ijubane lamanzi epayipini elinobubanzi obungu-8 cm?

Kwaziwa:

Ububanzi 1 (d ₁ ) = 12 cm, irediyasi 1 (r ₁ ) = 6 cm

Ububanzi 2 (d ₂ ) = 8 cm, irediyasi 2 (r ₂ ) = 4 cm

Isivinini samanzi 1 (v ₁ ) = 10 cm/s

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi 2 (v ₂ )

Isixazululo:

Indawo 1 (A ₁ ) = π r ² = π 6 ² = 36π cm ²

Indawo 2 (A ₂ ) = π r ² = π 4 ² = 16π cm ²

Isibalo sokuqhubeka:

A ₁ v ₁ = A ₂ v ₂

(36π)(10) = (16π) v ₂

(36)(10) = (16) v ₂

360 = (16) v ₂

v ₂ = 360/16

v ₂ = 22.5 cm/s

8. Amanzi ageleza ngepayipi elinobubanzi obuhlukahlukene, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Uma indawo 1 (A ₁ ) = 8 cm ² , A ₂ = 2 cm ² kanye nesivinini samanzi epayipini 2 = v ₂ = 2 m/s pho liyini ijubane lamanzi epayipini 1 = v ₁.

Kwaziwa:

Indawo 1 (A)₁= 8cm²

Indawo 2 (A ₂ ) = 2 cm ²

Isivinini samanzi epayipini 2 (v ₂ ) = 2 m/s

Okufunwayo: isivinini samanzi epayipini 1 (v ₁ )

Isixazululo:

Isibalo sokuqhubeka:

A ₁ v ₁ = A ₂ v ₂

8 v ₁ = (2)(2)

8 v ₁ = 4

v ₁ = 4 / 8 = 0.5 m/s

9. Uma ububanzi bepayipi elikhulu buphindwe kabili kunobubanzi bepayipi elincane, lingakanani ijubane loketshezi epayipini elincane?

Kwaziwa:

Ububanzi bepayipi elikhulu (d)₁= = 2

Irediyasi yepayipi elikhulu (r ₁ ) = ½ d ₁ = ½ (2) = 1

Indawo yepayipi elikhulu ( A ₁ ) = π r ₁ ² = π (1) ² = π (1) = π

Ububanzi bepayipi elincane (d ₂ ) = 1

Irediyasi yepayipi elincane (r ₂ ) = ½ d ₂ = ½ (1) = ½

Indawo yepayipi elincane ( A ₂ ) = π r ₂ ² = π (1/2) ² = π (1/4) = ¼ π

Isivinini soketshezi epayipini elikhulu ( v ₁ ) = 4 m/s

Okufunwayo: Isivinini soketshezi epayipini elincane ( v ₂ )

Isixazululo:

Isibalo sokuqhubeka:

A ₁ v ₁ = A ₂ v ₂

π 4 = ¼ π (v ₂ )

4 = ¼ (v ₂ )

v ₂ = 8 m/s

Isimiso sikaBernoulli kanye nezibalo

10. Amanzi ampontshwa nge -compressor engu-120 kP engena epayipini elingezansi (1) bese egeleza phezulu ngesivinini esingu-1 m/ s. Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi kungu- 10 m/ s kanti ukuminyana kwamanzi kungu- 1000 kg/m ^-3 . Iyini ingcindezi yamanzi epayipini elingaphezulu (II ).

Kwaziwa:

Irediyasi yepayipi elingezansi (r)₁= 12cm

Irediyasi yepayipi elingezansi (r ₂ ) = 6 cm

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini elingezansi (ikhasi ₁ ) = 120 kPa = 120,000 Pascal

Isivinini samanzi epayipini elingezansi (v ₁ ) = 1 ms ^-1

Ukuphakama kwepayipi elingezansi (h ₁ ) = 0 m

Ukuphakama kwepayipi eliphezulu (h ₂ ) = 2 m

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 ms ^-2

Ubuningi bamanzi = 1000 kg.m ^-3

Okufunwayo: Umfutho wamanzi epayipini 2 (ikhasi ₂ )

Isixazululo:

Ijubane lamanzi epayipini 2 libalwa ngesibalo sokuqhubeka:

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini 2 ubalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaBernoulli:

11. Ipayipi elikhulu elingamamitha ama-5 ngaphezu komhlabathi kanye nepayipi elincane elingamamitha ama-1 ngaphezu komhlabathi. Ijubane lamanzi epayipini elikhulu lingu-36 km/h ngokucindezela okungu-9.1 x 10 ⁵ Pa, kanti ingcindezi epayipini elincane ingu-2.10 ⁵ Pa. Liyini ijubane lamanzi epayipini elincane? Ubuningi bamanzi = 10 ³ kg/ ^m3

Kwaziwa:

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini elikhulu (p₁) = 9.1 x 10⁵ Ama-Pascal = ama-Pascal angu-910,000

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini elincane (ikhasi ₂ ) = 2 x 10 ⁵ Ama-pascal = 200,000 Ama-pascal

Isivinini samanzi epayipini elikhulu (v ₁ ) = 36 km/h = 36(1000)/(3600) = 36000/3600 =10 m/s

Ukuphakama kwepayipi elikhulu (h ₁ ) = -4 amamitha

Ukuphakama kwepayipi elincane (h ₂ ) = 0 amamitha

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 ms ^-2

Ubuningi bamanzi = 1000 kg/ ^m3

Okufunwayo: Isivinini samanzi epayipini elincane (v ₂ )

Isixazululo:

Ijubane lamanzi epayipini elincane (v ₂ ) libalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaBernoulli:

12. Ipayipi elinobubanzi obuyi - 15 cm elixhunywe nelinye ipayipi elinobubanzi obuyi- 5 cm. Zombili zisesimweni esivundlile. Ijubane lokugeleza kwamanzi epayipini elikhulu lingu-1 m/s ngengcindezi engu-10 ^{5 N} / m2 . Iyini ingcindezi yamanzi epayipini elincane (1 g cm ^-3 )

Kwaziwa:

Irediyasi yepayipi elikhulu (r ₁ ) = 15 cm = 0.15 m

Irediyasi yepayipi elincane (r ₂ ) = 5 cm = 0.05 m

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini elikhulu (ikhasi ₁ ) = 10 ⁵ N m ^-2 = 100.000 N m ^-2

Isivinini samanzi epayipini elikhulu (v ₁ ) = 1 ms ^-1

Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi (g) = 10 ms ^-2

Ubuningi bamanzi = 1 gr cm ^-3 = 1000 kg m ^-3

Umehluko wokuphakama (Δh) = 0.

Okufunwayo: Ukucindezela epayipini elincane (ikhasi ₂ )

Isixazululo:

Ijubane lamanzi epayipini 2 libalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation of continuity:

Umfutho wamanzi epayipini elincane (ikhasi ₂ ) ubalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaBernoulli:

1. Kuyini ukuguquguquka koketshezi?
   • Impendulo: I-fluid dynamics igatsha le-physics elifunda ukunyakaza koketshezi (uketshezi namagesi) kanye namandla asebenza kuwo. Ihlanganisa izimiso kanye nezibalo ezichaza indlela uketshezi olugeleza ngayo, olusebenzisana ngayo nemingcele eqinile, futhi oluthintana ngayo.
2. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-laminar kanye ne-turbulent flow?
   • Impendulo: Ukugeleza kwe-laminar kubonakala ngezingqimba ezibushelelezi nezihambisanayo zoketshezi ezihamba ngezindlela ezihlelekile. Ukugeleza okuguquguqukayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaxakaxaka, kuneziphepho, ukuzungeza, kanye nokushintshashintsha okusheshayo. Ukuzulazula ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngesivinini esiphezulu noma eziteshini ezingafani.
3. Umqondo we-viscosity ubaluleke kanjani ku-fluid dynamics?
   • Impendulo: Ukuqina kulinganisa ukumelana koketshezi ekuguguleni noma ekugelezeni. Uketshezi olunamandla amakhulu (njengoju) lumelana nokugeleza ngaphezu koketshezi olunamandla amancane (njengamanzi). Ekushintsheni koketshezi, ukuqina kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni uhlobo lokugeleza koketshezi, ukuhlakazeka kwamandla, kanye namandla okuhudula.
4. Iyini isimiso sikaBernoulli?
   • Impendulo: Isimiso sikaBernoulli sithi ekugelezeni okuzinzile, isamba samandla okucindezela, amandla e-kinetic, kanye namandla angaba khona ngeyunithi ngayinye ivolumu ihlala ingaguquki. ikakhulukazi, lapho ijubane loketshezi liphezulu, ingcindezi iphansi, futhi okuphambene nalokho.
5. Isimiso sokuphakanyiswa kwe-aerodynamics sihlobene kanjani ne-fluid dynamics?
   • Impendulo: Ukuphakanyiswa kwephiko lendiza kungachazwa kusetshenziswa isimiso sikaBernoulli kanye nomthetho wesithathu kaNewton. Njengoba umoya ugeleza phezu kwephiko, uhamba ngokushesha ngaphezu kwendawo egobile engaphezulu kunephansi, okudala umehluko wokucindezela. Lo mehluko wokucindezela, kuhlangene nokuphambuka komoya phansi yiphiko, kuphumela emandleni aphezulu noma ekuphakamiseni.
6. Iyini i-equation yokuqhubeka kwe-fluid dynamics?
   • Impendulo: I-equation yokuqhubeka ithi umkhiqizo wendawo enqamula isigaba (A) sokugeleza kanye nejubane layo (v) kuhlala kungaguquki ngokugeleza okuzinzile. Ngokwezibalo, A₁​v_1​=A₂​v₂​, lapho A_1​ futhi A₂​ yizindawo ezihlanganisa izingxenye futhi v₁​ futhi v_2​ yizivinini ezingxenyeni ezimbili eceleni komgwaqo oqondile.
7. Iyiphi indima edlalwa inombolo kaReynolds ku-fluid dynamics?
   • Impendulo: Inombolo kaReynolds iyinani elingenakulinganiswa elisiza ukubikezela uhlelo lokugeleza (i-laminar, i-transitional, noma i-turbulent) ku-fluid dynamics. Ichazwa njengesilinganiso samandla angenawo amandla kumandla aqinile futhi incike ezintweni ezifana nejubane loketshezi, ubude besici, kanye nezakhiwo zoketshezi.
8. Amandla okuhudula asebenza kanjani ezintweni ezihamba oketshezini?
   • Impendulo: Amandla okuhudula aphikisana nokunyakaza kwento ngoketshezi. Kuvela ngenxa yokumelana okuqinile koketshezi kanye nomehluko wokucindezela okuzungeze into. Ubukhulu kanye nohlobo lokuhudula kuncike ezintweni ezifana nesimo sento, ubulukhuni, isivinini, kanye nezakhiwo zoketshezi.
9. Uyini umphumela we-Venturi?
   • Impendulo: Umphumela we-Venturi ubhekisela ekwehleni komfutho woketshezi okwenzeka lapho uketshezi lugeleza engxenyeni encishisiwe yepayipi. Njengoba ijubane loketshezi landa engxenyeni encishisiwe (ngenxa yokulondolozwa kobunzima), umfutho walo uyancipha ngokwesimiso sikaBernoulli.
10. Kungani uketshezi lushesha uma lugeleza engxenyeni encane yepayipi noma isiteshi?

• Impendulo: Lokhu kuziphatha kungachazwa ngesimiso sokugcina isisindo. Ekugelezeni okuzinzile, umthamo woketshezi olungena engxenyeni yepayipi kumele ulingane nomthamo ophumayo. Uma ipayipi lincane, uketshezi kumele lusheshise ukuze kuvunyelwe umthamo ofanayo ukuthi udlule ngesikhathi esithile.