Incazelo yamandla kagesi
Amandla kagesi achazwa njengamandla kagesi ngeyunithi yokushaja. Ake sithi uma esephuzwini a, ishaja u-q inamandla kagesi alingana ne-EP a , khona-ke amandla kagesi asephuzwini a akhiwa kanje:
V = amandla kagesi, EP = amandla kagesi, q = ishaja kagesi
U-V akagcini nje ngokuba sephuzwini elingu-a kodwa futhi ukhona kuzo zonke izindawo ensimini kagesi. Iphuzu elingu-a lisetshenziswa njengesibonelo. Njengoba kuzochazwa kamuva, u-V akaxhomekile ekushajeni okungu-q.
I-EP kanye neshaja kagesi kuyizilinganiso ze-scalar ukuze i-V ihlanganise nezilinganiso ze-scalar. Iyunithi yesistimu yamazwe ngamazwe ye-EP yi-Joule kanti iyunithi yesistimu yamazwe ngamazwe yeshaja kagesi yi-Coulomb ukuze iyunithi yesistimu yamazwe ngamazwe ye-V ibe yi-Joule nge-Coulomb (J/C). Elinye igama le-J/C yi-Volt, elisuselwa egameni lososayensi wase-Italy nomsunguli webhethri kagesi, u-Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).
Umehluko wamandla kagesi
U-V endaweni efana no-V endaweni a, okungukuthi, u-Va, ayaziwa ngoba okubaluleke kakhulu ushintsho kumandla kagesi. Izinguquko kumandla kagesi zingaziwa ngenani lazo, kungaba ngokubala noma ukulinganisa. I-V iyashintsha lapho ishaja q isuka kwelinye iphuzu iye kwelinye. Ake sithi ishaja q isuka ephuzwini a iye kwelinye iphuzu b khona-ke ushintsho ku-V luyi:
I-Vab umehluko ongu-V phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili ensimini kagesi, isibonelo, amaphuzu u-a no-b. Umehluko ongu-V phakathi kwamaphuzu u-a no-b (V)ab) kufana nomsebenzi owenziwa amandla kagesi ekushajweni kukagesi lapho usuka endaweni a uye endaweni b, ngeyunithi ngayinye yokushaja (Wab /q). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwa ngamandla kagesi okushaja u-q lapho usuka endaweni a uye endaweni b (W).ab) ilingana noshintsho kumandla kagesi angase abe khona okushaja u-q (ΔEP). Ngakho-ke, kulesi sibalo esingenhla, u-ΔEP angashintshwa ngo-Wab.
Uma into iphakeme kakhulu ngaphezu komhlabathi, inamandla adonsela phansi, lapho ubuso bomhlaba busetshenziswa njengendawo yokubhekisela. Kulesi simo, ukuphakama kobuso bomhlaba kanye namandla adonsela phansi khona kanye ebusweni bomhlabathi kusethwe ku-zero. Ngokufanayo namandla adonsela phansi, uma sisho iphuzu ukuthi line-electrical potential ethile, kumele kube elinye iphuzu elisetshenziswa njengendawo yokubhekisela, uma sicabangela kuphela umehluko we-electrical potential ongabalwa. Ngokuvamile, abaqhubi bomhlaba noma bakagesi abaxhunywe emhlabathini bakhethwa njengama-reference points, lapho amandla kagesi omqhubi noma amandla kagesi emhlabathini asethwe ku-zero. Ngakho-ke uma iphuzu linamandla kagesi angu-12 Volts, umehluko we-electrical potential phakathi kwalelo phuzu nomhlabathi ungama-Volts angu-12. Ebhethrini le-6 Volt, umehluko we-electrical potential phakathi kwe-positive terminal kanye ne-negative terminal ungama-Volts angu-6. Ngenxa yokuthi iyunithi yomehluko we-electrical potential yi-Volt, umehluko we-electrical potential phakathi kwama-points amabili uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-voltage.
I-equation yomehluko wamandla kagesi engenhla ingabhalwa futhi kanje:
Uma ishaja u-q idlula umehluko wamandla kagesi u-Vab, amandla angase ashintshe yi-ΔEP. Isibonelo, ukushaja kwe-Coulombs ezi-2 kudlula umehluko wamandla kagesi we-12 Volts, amandla kagesi angase ashintshe ngo-(2 C)(12 V) = 24 Joules. Ngokufanayo, uma ukushaja kwe-Coulomb ezi-4 kudlula umehluko wamandla kagesi we-24 Volts, amandla kagesi angase ashintshe ngo-(4 C) (24 V) = 96 Joules.
Ngakho-ke, ushintsho kumandla kagesi (ΔEP) luhambisana nokushaja (q) kanye ne-voltage (V).ab). Uma ishaja kagesi kanye ne-voltage kuphakeme, kulapho ushintsho lwamandla kagesi olukhona luphezulu. Amandla akhona ahlobene nekhono lokwenza umsebenzi, ngakho-ke uma izinguquko zamandla kagesi zibalulekile, khona-ke ikhono lokwenza umsebenzi nalo libalulekile.
Isibalo somehluko ka-V ngenhla sisajwayelekile. Ukuze uthole isibalo sika-V esinemininingwane eminingi, buyekeza umehluko wamandla kagesi ensimini kagesi efanayo kanye nomehluko wamandla kagesi okhiqizwa yishaja eyodwa.
Amandla kagesi ensimini kagesi efanayo
Umehluko ku-V phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili ensimini kagesi efanayo, isibonelo, iphuzu a kanye nephuzu b, ungabalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation engezansi:
Vab = umehluko ka-V phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili, u-E = insimu kagesi, kanye no-d = ibanga phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili.
V ekhiqizwe yi-single charge
I-V endaweni ethile ngenxa yokushaja okukodwa okukhiqiza insimu kagesi ingabalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation:
Vab = umehluko we-V phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili, k = i-Coulomb constant, Q = ishaja eyodwa ekhiqiza insimu kagesi, r = ibanga phakathi kweshaja Q kanye nephuzu lapho kubalwa khona i-V.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwensimu kagesi (E) kanye namandla kagesi (V)
Insimu kagesi u-E iyinani levektha, kanti u-V uyinani le-scalar. Inani levektha lihilela isiqondiso ukuze kube nzima kakhulu ukubala uma kuqhathaniswa nokubala inani le-scalar. Ukwenza kube lula ukubala insimu kagesi, kusetshenziswa i-equation echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwensimu kagesi no-V.
I-equation yomehluko ongase ube khona echazwe ngaphambilini ibhalwe kabusha kanje:
Ngokwezibalo, umsebenzi uwumkhiqizo wamandla kanye nokufuduka, lapho amandla ewumkhiqizo wensimu yokushaja kanye nogesi. Ubudlelwano phakathi komsebenzi, amandla, kanye nokufuduka buvezwa ngesibalo esingezansi:
Uma izilinganiso ezimbili ezingenhla zihlanganiswa, khona-ke i-equation entsha ikhiqizwa kanje:
E = insimu kagesi, Vab = umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili afana namaphuzu a no-b, d = ibanga phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili.
Iyunithi yomehluko ongase ube khona yiVolt, kanti iyunithi yebanga iyimitha ukuze insimu kagesi ichazwe ngamayunithi eVolts ngemitha (V/m).
Lesi sibalo singasetshenziswa ukunquma insimu kagesi (efanayo) eyaziwa ngokuthi umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwamaphuzu amabili. Ngokusekelwe kulesi sibalo, insimu kagesi ilingana no-V futhi ilingana ngokuphambene nebanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma i-V iphakeme, insimu kagesi iphakeme futhi ibanga liphakeme, insimu kagesi incane.
