Incazelo Yomthamo Wama-capacitor
Ingilazi encane ingaqukatha amanzi amancane, kanti ingilazi enkulu ingaqukatha amanzi amaningi. Uma ivolumu yengilazi inkulu, kulapho amanzi amaningi angaqukatha khona. Ngakho-ke, ingilazi ngayinye inomthamo noma usayizi wekhono lokuqukatha amanzi. Njengengilazi, ama-capacitor angagcina futhi amashaja kagesi kanye namandla kagesi. Umthamo we-capacitor wokugcina ishaja kagesi kanye namandla kagesi abizwa ngokuthi i-capacitance.
Izici ezithinta amandla okusebenza
Ubukhulu bekhono lengilazi lokugcina amanzi bunqunywa yivolumu yengilazi. Kuthiwani ngama-capacitor, yini enquma ubukhulu bekhono le-capacitor lokugcina ishaja kagesi?
Isithombe esiseceleni sibonisa i-capacitor elula equkethe amapuleti okuqhuba amabili ahlukaniswe ibanga elithile. Ngaphambi kokuxhuma emthonjeni we-voltage, njengebhethri, amapuleti amabili awashajwa ngogesi. Bese elinye lamapuleti lixhunywe epalini elihle lebhethri bese elinye ipuleti lixhunywe epalini elihle lebhethri kusetshenziswa ikhebula.
Ngemva kokuxhuma esigxotsheni esihle sebhethri, ishaja elihle ebhethrini lidonsa ama-electron ashajwe kabi epuletini ukuze ama-electron ahambe aye esigxotsheni esihle sebhethri. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amapuleti angabi nama-electron (ishaja elibi) kanye nama-proton amaningi (ishaja elihle) ukuze amapuleti ashajwe kahle.
Ngemva kokuxhunywa esigxotsheni esingesihle sebhethri, ishaja elihle epuletini lidonsela ama-electron ashajwe kabi esigxotsheni esingesihle sebhethri ukuze ama-electron athuthele epuletini. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ipuleti lithwale ama-electron ngokweqile ukuze ipuleti lishajwe kabi. Inqubo yokuhambisa ama-electron phakathi kwamapuleti namabhethri iyama ngemva kokuba umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamapuleti amabili ulingana nomehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamapuleti amabili.
Uyikhulisa kanjani ishaja kagesi kuzo zombili izingqwembe zomqhubi? Ngamanye amazwi, yini okufanele yenziwe ukudlulisa ama-electron aye futhi asuke esigxotsheni esihle sebhethri? Ukufuduka kwama-electron kwenzeka kuphela lapho umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwezingqwembe ezimbili zebhethri mkhulu kunomehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwezingqwembe ezimbili. Ukuze i-electron iphinde ihambe ukuze ishaja kagesi epuletini ngalinye lomqhubi ikhuphuke, ibhethri elisetshenziswayo lithathelwa indawo ngomunye umthombo wamandla kagesi onomehluko omkhulu wamandla kagesi. Ukufuduka kwama-electron kuyama lapho umehluko wamandla emthonjeni wamandla kagesi ulingana nomehluko wamandla we-capacitor. Ngakho-ke, uma umehluko wamandla emthonjeni wamandla kagesi mkhulu kuno, umehluko wamandla we-capacitor nawo mkhulu.
Ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni okungenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi uma ishaja kagesi igcinwa kakhulu epuletini ngalinye lomqhubi, kulapho umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi uba mkhulu khona. Ngakho-ke, ishaja kagesi (Q) ilingana nomehluko wamandla kagesi (V). Ubudlelwano phakathi kweshaja kagesi nomehluko wamandla kagesi buchazwe ekuqhathaniseni okulandelayo:
Q α V
Ukuqhathanisa okungenhla kuguqulwa kube yizibalo ngokungeza u-C ohlala njalo:
Q = CV noma C = Q / V
Q = ukushaja kagesi (Coulomb), V = umehluko wamandla kagesi noma i-voltage (Volt), C = okungaguquki okubizwa ngokuthi i-capacitor capacitance.
Inani le-capacitance alixhomekile ekushajweni kukagesi kanye ne-voltage kagesi, kodwa lincike ekumeni kanye nosayizi wepuleti lomqhubi. Ubufakazi bezibalo bokuthi i-capacitance incike ekumeni kanye nosayizi wepuleti lomqhubi buchazwa esihlokweni se-capacitor yepuleti ehambisanayo. Esihlokweni, kucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi kwabaqhubi ababili kukhona i-vacuum.
Umthamo we-capacitor ubuye uncike emvelweni wezinto eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi. Izinto eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi zibizwa ngokuthi i-dielectric. Umthamo wama-capacitor ane-dielectrics kuxoxwa ngawo ngokujulile esihlokweni se- ama-dielectric constants.
Iyunithi yomthamo
Iyunithi yokushaja kagesi yiCoulomb kanti iyunithi yomehluko wamandla kagesi yiVolt, ngakho lokho kusekelwe ku-capacitance equation engenhla. Iyunithi ye-capacitance yiCoulomb per Volt (C/V), ebizwa nangokuthi iFarad (F) evela egameni lososayensi waseBrithani uMichael Faraday (1791-1867). Ngakho-ke, i-1 Farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt.
Ake sithi i-capacitor enenani elingu-2 Farad isho ukuthi i-capacitor igcina ishaja kagesi engu-+2 Coulombs kwelinye lamapuleti omqhubi kanye nama-Coulombs angu--2 kwelinye ipuleti lomqhubi. Lapho amapuleti omqhubi amabili enomehluko ongaba khona ongu-1 Volt. Uma ibhethri le-12 Volt lixhunywe kwi-capacitor, elinye lamapuleti omqhubi ashajwe ngogesi yi-Q = CV = (2) (12 Volts) = +24 Coulomb kanti elinye ipuleti lomqhubi lingu--24 Coulomb.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi iFarad iyiyunithi enkulu ye-capacitance ngakho ivame ukusetshenziswa njengeyunithi encane, okungukuthi i-microfarad efingqiwe nge-μF (10).-6 UFarad) noma i-picofarad efingqiwe njenge-pF (10-12 Farad). Izibalo zezibalo ukukhombisa ukuthi iFarad iyiyunithi enkulu, okuxoxwe ngayo esihlokweni se-parallel plate capacitor.
