Umgomo omnyama - izinkinga nezixazululo
1. Amanzi angamagremu angu-200 ku-30°C axutshwe namanzi angamagremu angu-100 ku-90°C. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi = 1 cal.gram −1 °C −1 . Thola izinga lokushisa lokugcina lengxube!
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m 1 ) = 200 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 1 (T 1 ) = 30 o C
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2 ) = 100 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 2 (T 2 ) = 90 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c) = 1 cal.gram-1° C-1
Kufunwa: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina
Isixazululo:
Heat ikhishwe yiHooter Water (Q)2) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q1)
m2 c (ΔT) = m1 c (ΔT)
(100)(1)(90 – T) = (200)(1)(T – 30)
(100)(90 – T) = (200)(T – 30)
9000 – 100T = 200T – 6000
9000 + 6000 = 200T + 100T
15000 = 300T
T = 15000/300
T = 50 o C
2. Amagremu angu-60 ku-90oI-C ixutshwe namanzi angamagremu angu-40 ku-25oC. Lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokugcina lenhlanganisela. Ukushisa okukhethekile kwamanzi = 1 cal.g-1.oC-1.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 1 (m1) = amagremu ayi-60
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 1 (T 1 ) = 90 o C
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2) = amagremu ayi-40
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 2 (T 2 ) = 25 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c) = 1 cal.g-1.oC-1
Kufunwa: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwe ngamanzi e-hooter (Q)2) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q1)
m1 c (ΔT) = m2 c (ΔT)
(60)(1)(90 – T) = (40)(1)(T – 25)
(60)(90 – T) = (40)(T – 25)
5400 – 60T = 40T – 1000
5400 + 1000 = 40T + 60T
6400 = 100T
T = 6400/100
T = 64 o C
3. Iqhwa le-M-gram ku-0oI-C ifakwa emanzini angamagremu angu-340 ku-20oC esitsheni esithile. Ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa (L)Ice) = 80 cal g-1, ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (camanzi) = 1 cal g-1 oC-1Lonke iqhwa liyancibilika bese ukulingana kokushisa = 5oC. Thola isisindo seqhwa.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi (m) = 340 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa leqhwa (T)Ice= = 0oC
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T)amanzi= = 20oC
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 5oC
Ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa kweqhwa (L)Ice) = 80 cal g-1
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (camanzi) = 1 cal g-1 oC-1
Kufunwa: Isisindo seqhwa (M)
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwe ngamanzi (Q)2) = ukushisa okumuncwa yiqhwa (Q1)
mamanzi camanzi (ΔT) = mIce LIce +mIce camanzi (ΔT)
(340)(1)(20-5) = M (80) + M (1)(5-0)
(340)(15) = 80M + 5M
5100 = 85M
M = 5100/85
M = amagremu angu-60
4. Ithusi ku-100oI-C ifakwa emanzini angamagremu angu-128 ku-30 oC. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi yi-1 cal.g-1oC-1 futhi ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi kungu-0.1 cal.g-1oC-1Uma izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa = 36 oC, iyini isisindo sethusi.
Kwaziwa:
Izinga lokushisa lethusi (T)1= = 100 oC
Ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi (c1) = 0.1 cal.g-1oC-1
Isisindo samanzi (m2) = amagremu ayi-128
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T)2= = 30 oC
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c2) = 1 cal.g-1oC-1
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 36 oC
Kufunwa: Isisindo sethusi (m1)
Isixazululo:
Ithusi lika-Q = amanzi ka-Q
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(m 1 )(0.1)(100-36) = (128)(1)(36-30)
(m 1 )(0.1)(64) = (128)(1)(6)
(m 1 )(6.4) = 768
m 1 = 768 / 6.4
m1 = 120 amagremu
5. I-lead engu-3 kg enokushisa okukhethekile kwe-lead ingu-1400 J.kg-1C-1 Ku-80oI-C efakwe emanzini angama-10 kg kanye nokushisa okukhethekile kwamanzi yi-4200 J.kg-1C-1Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa lingu-20oC. Lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo somthofu (m1) = 3 kg
Ukushisa okuqondile kwe-lead (c)1) = 1400 J.kg-1C-1
Izinga lokushisa lomthofu (T)1= = 80 oC
Isisindo samanzi (m2) = 10 kg
Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c)2) = 4200 J.kg-1C-1
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 20 oC
Kufunwa: Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi (T)2)
Isixazululo:
Ukukhululwa kwe-Q = ukumuncwa kwe-Q
u-Q lead = amanzi ka-Q
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(3)(1400)(80-20) = (10)(4200)(20-T)
(4200)(60) = (42,000)(20-T)
252,000 = 840,000 – 42,000 T
42,000 T = 840,000 – 252,000
42,000 T = 588,000
T = 588,000 / 42,000
T = 14
Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi lingu-14 degreesoC.
6. Amagremu angu-75 amanzi ku-0oC ixutshwe namanzi angamagremu angu-50 ukuze izinga lokushisa lengxube libe ngu-40oC. Lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi angamagremu angu-50.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 1 (m1) = amagremu ayi-75
Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi 1 (T)1= = 0oC
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2) = amagremu ayi-50
Izinga lokushisa lengxube (T) = 40oC
Kufunwa: Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi 2 (T)2)
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwe ngamanzi e-hooter (Q)Ukukhululwa) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi abandayo (Qimunca)
m1 c (ΔT)1) = m2 c (ΔT)2)
m1 (ΔT1) = m2 (ΔT2)
(75)(40 – 0) = (50)(T)2 - 40)
(75)(40) = (50)(T)2 - 40)
3000 = 50 T2 - 2000
3000 + 2000 = 50 T 2
5000 = 50 T 2
I-T 2 = 100 o C
7. Insimbi engamagremu angu-200 eshisiwe ku-120oC, bese ifakwa emanzini angamagremu ayi-100 ku-30oC. Izinga lokushisa lengxube ekulinganisweni kokushisa lingu-60oC. Uma ukushisa kwamanzi okungu-4200 J.kg-1 oC-1, kuyini ukushisa okukhethekile kwensimbi.
Isixazululo:
Guqula amayunithi esisindo kusuka kumagremu kuya kumakhilogremu (amayunithi aphesheya)
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo sensimbi (m1) = amagremu angu-200 = 0.2 kg
Izinga lokushisa lensimbi (T)1= = 120oC
Isisindo samanzi (m2) = amagremu angu-100 = 0.1 kg
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T)2= = 30oC
Izinga lokushisa lengxube (T) = 60oC
Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c)2) = 4200 J.kg-1 oC-1
Kufunwa: Ukushisa okukhethekile kwensimbi (c)1)
Isixazululo:
QUkukhululwa =Qbamba
m1 c1 (ΔT1) = m2 c2 (ΔT2)
(0.2)(c)1)(120 – 60) = (0.1)(4200)(60 – 30)
(0.2)(c)1)(60) = (0.1)(4200)(30)
I-12 c1 = 12600
c1 = 12600/12
c1 = 1050
1. Umbuzo: Wayengubani uJoseph Black? Impendulo: UJoseph Black wayengudokotela waseScotland wekhulu le-18 kanye nosokhemisi, owaziwa ngokuthola kwakhe ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa okuthile, kanye ne-carbon dioxide.
2. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukushisa okucashile? Impendulo: Ukushisa okucashile inani lamandla amuncwa noma akhishwa yinto ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesigaba, njengokuncibilika noma ukubila, ngaphandle kokushintsha izinga lokushisa layo.
3. Umbuzo: Ukushisa okucashile kuhluke kanjani ekushiseni okunengqondo? Impendulo: Nakuba ukushisa okunengqondo kubangela ushintsho ekushiseni kwento ngaphandle koshintsho lwesigaba, ukushisa okucashile kubangela ushintsho lwesigaba ngaphandle koshintsho ekushiseni.
4. Umbuzo: Ukuhlolwa kukaBlack ngokushisa okucashile kwakubaluleke ngani ocwaningweni lwe-thermodynamics? Impendulo: Umsebenzi kaBlack wabeka ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwamandla okushisa kanye nokulondolozwa kwawo, wavula indlela yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ku-thermodynamics kanye ne-calorimetry.
5. Umbuzo: Kungani iqhwa ku-0°C kanye namanzi ku-0°C enamanani ahlukene amandla okushisa? Impendulo: Iqhwa ku-0°C lidinga ukumunca ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa ukuze libe amanzi ku-0°C. Ngakho-ke, amanzi ku-0°C anamandla okushisa amaningi kuneqhwa ekushiseni okufanayo ngenxa yalokhu kushisa okucashile okumuncwayo.
6. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukushisa okuthile? Impendulo: Ukushisa okuqondile inani lamandla okushisa adingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa le-unit mass yento nge-degree Celsius eyodwa noma i-Kelvin.
7. Umbuzo: Umsebenzi kaBlack ekushiseni okuthile waholela kanjani ekuqondeni amandla ahlukene okushisa kwezinto? Impendulo: UBlack wathola ukuthi ubuningi obulinganayo bezinto ezahlukene budinga amazinga ahlukene okushisa ukuze kufezwe ushintsho olufanayo lokushisa. Lokhu kuqaphela kwethula umqondo wamandla athile okushisa ezinto.
8. Umbuzo: Kungani umqondo wokushisa okucashile ubalulekile ezinhlelweni zezulu? Impendulo: Ukushisa okucashile kudlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zesimo sezulu ngenxa yamandla ahilelekile ekushintsheni kwesigaba samanzi, njengokuhwamuka kanye nokujiya. Lokhu kudluliswa kwamandla kuthinta izinga lokushisa, ukwakheka kwamafu, kanye namaphethini esimo sezulu.
9. Umbuzo: Yimuphi umshini uJoseph Black awusebenzisa ukukala izinguquko zokushisa ekuhlolweni kwakhe? Impendulo: UBlack wasebenzisa i-calorimeter elula, ithuluzi lokulinganisa ushintsho lokushisa, ekuhlolweni kwakhe ukuze alinganise inani lokushisa okumuncwayo noma okukhishwe.
10. Umbuzo: Ukutholakala kukaBlack kwe-carbon dioxide (ayekubiza ngokuthi “umoya oqinile”) kwaba nomthelela kanjani kumakhemikhali? Impendulo: Ukuhlonza kukaBlack i-carbon dioxide njengegesi ehlukile ehlukile emoyeni womkhathi kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali egesi futhi kwavula indlela yokuqonda ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubandakanya amagesi.
