Umgomo omnyama - izinkinga nezixazululo
1. Amanzi angamagremu angu-200 ku-30°C axutshwe namanzi angamagremu angu-100 ku-90°C. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi = 1 cal.gram −1 °C −1 . Thola izinga lokushisa lokugcina lengxube!
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m 1 ) = 200 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 1 (T 1 ) = 30 o C
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2 ) = 100 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 2 (T 2 ) = 90 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c) = 1 cal.gram −1 °C −1
Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q 2 ) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q 1 )
m 2 c (ΔT) = m 1 c (ΔT)
(100)(1)(90 – T) = (200)(1)(T – 30)
(100)(90 – T) = (200)(T – 30)
9000 – 100T = 200T – 6000
9000 + 6000 = 200T + 100T
15000 = 300T
T = 15000/300
T = 50 o C
2. Amagremu angu-60 ku-90 oC axutshwe namanzi angu-40 oC ku-25 oC . Lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokugcina lenhlanganisela. Ukushisa okukhethekile kwamanzi = 1 cal.g -1 .o C -1.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 1 (m1 ) = 60 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 1 (T 1 ) = 90 o C
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2 ) = 40 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi 2 (T 2 ) = 25 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c) = 1 cal.g -1 .o C -1
Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q 2 ) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi abandayo (Q 1 )
m 1 c (ΔT) = m 2 c (ΔT)
(60)(1)(90 – T) = (40)(1)(T – 25)
(60)(90 – T) = (40)(T – 25)
5400 – 60T = 40T – 1000
5400 + 1000 = 40T + 60T
6400 = 100T
T = 6400/100
T = 64 o C
3. Iqhwa le-M-gram ku-0 ° C lifakwe emanzini angama-340-gram ku-20 ° C esitsheni esithile. Ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa ( iqhwa le -L ) = 80 cal g -1 , ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c amanzi ) = 1 cal g -1 ° C -1 . Lonke iqhwa liyancibilika bese ukulingana kokushisa = 5 ° C. Thola isisindo seqhwa.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi (m) = 340 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa leqhwa ( iqhwa le-T ) = 0 o C
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi ( amanzi angu-T ) = 20 o C
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 5 o C
Ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa kweqhwa ( iqhwa elingu -L ) = 80 cal g -1
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c amanzi ) = 1 cal g -1 o C -1
Okufunwayo: Isisindo seqhwa (M)
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwa ngamanzi (Q 2 ) = ukushisa okumuncwa yiqhwa (Q 1 )
amanzi m amanzi c (ΔT) = m iqhwa L iqhwa + m iqhwa c amanzi (ΔT)
(340)(1)(20-5) = M (80) + M (1)(5-0)
(340)(15) = 80M + 5M
5100 = 85M
M = 5100/85
M = amagremu angu-60
4. Ithusi ku-100 o C lifakwa ku-128-gram wamanzi ku-30 o C. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi kungu-1 cal.g -1o C -1 kanti ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi kungu-0.1 cal.g -1o C -1 . Uma izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa = 36 o C, lingakanani isisindo sethusi.
Kwaziwa:
Izinga lokushisa lethusi (T 1 ) = 100 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi (c 1 ) = 0.1 cal.g -1o C -1
Isisindo samanzi (m2 ) = 128 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T2 ) = 30 o C
Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi (c 2 ) = 1 cal.g -1o C -1
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 36 o C
Okufunwayo: Isisindo sethusi (m 1 )
Isixazululo:
Ithusi lika-Q = amanzi ka-Q
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(m 1 )(0.1)(100-36) = (128)(1)(36-30)
(m 1 )(0.1)(64) = (128)(1)(6)
(m 1 )(6.4) = 768
m 1 = 768 / 6.4
m 1 = 120 amagremu
5. I-lead engu-3 kg enokushisa okukhethekile kwe-lead ingu-1400 J.kg -1 C -1 ku-80 o C ebekwe emanzini angu-10 kg kanti ukushisa okukhethekile kwamanzi kungu-4200 J.kg -1 C -1 . Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa lingu-20 o C. Liyini izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo somthofu (m 1 ) = 3 kg
Ukushisa okuqondile kwe-lead (c 1 ) = 1400 J.kg -1 C -1
Izinga lokushisa lomthofu (T 1 ) = 80 o C
Isisindo samanzi (m2 ) = 10 kg
Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c 2 ) = 4200 J.kg -1 C -1
Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 20 o C
Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi ( T2 )
Isixazululo:
Ukukhululwa kwe-Q = ukumuncwa kwe-Q
u-Q lead = amanzi ka-Q
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(3)(1400)(80-20) = (10)(4200)(20-T)
(4200)(60) = (42,000)(20-T)
252,000 = 840,000 – 42,000 T
42,000 T = 840,000 – 252,000
42,000 T = 588,000
T = 588,000 / 42,000
T = 14
Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi lingu-14 ° C.
6. Amanzi angu-75-gram ku-0 ° C axutshwe namanzi angu-50-gram ukuze izinga lokushisa lengxube libe ngu-40 ° C. Liyini izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi angu-50-gram.
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo samanzi 1 (m1 ) = 75 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi 1 (T 1 ) = 0 o C
Isisindo samanzi 2 (m2 ) = 50 amagremu
Izinga lokushisa lengxube (T) = 40 o C
Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi 2 ( T2 )
Isixazululo:
Ukushisa okukhishwa ngamanzi apholile ( ukukhululwa kwe -Q ) = ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi apholile ( ukumuncwa kwe -Q )
m 1 c (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 c (ΔT 2 )
m 1 (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 (ΔT 2 )
(75)(40 – 0) = (50)(T 2 – 40)
(75)(40) = (50)(T 2 – 40)
3000 = 50 T 2 – 2000
3000 + 2000 = 50 T 2
5000 = 50 T 2
I-T 2 = 100 o C
7. Insimbi engamagremu angu-200 ishiswe ku-120 o C, bese ifakwa emanzini angamagremu angu-100 ku-30 o C. Izinga lokushisa lengxube ekulinganisweni kokushisa lingu-60 o C. Uma ukushisa kwamanzi okungu-4200 J.kg -1 o C -1 , kuyini ukushisa okuqondile kwensimbi.
Isixazululo:
Guqula amayunithi esisindo kusuka kumagremu kuya kumakhilogremu (amayunithi aphesheya)
Kwaziwa:
Isisindo sensimbi (m 1 ) = 200 amagremu = 0.2 kg
Izinga lokushisa lensimbi (T 1 ) = 120 o C
Isisindo samanzi (m2 ) = amagremu ayi-100 = 0.1 kg
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T2 ) = 30 o C
Izinga lokushisa lengxube (T) = 60 o C
Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c 2 ) = 4200 J.kg -1 o C -1
Okufunwayo: Ukushisa okukhethekile kwensimbi (c 1 )
Isixazululo:
Ukukhululwa kwe -Q = ukumuncwa kwe -Q
m 1 c 1 (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 c 2 (ΔT 2 )
(0.2)(c 1 )(120 – 60) = (0.1)(4200)(60 – 30)
(0.2)(c 1 )(60) = (0.1)(4200)(30)
12 c 1 = 12600
c 1 = 12600 / 12
c 1 = 1050
1. Umbuzo: Wayengubani uJoseph Black? Impendulo: UJoseph Black wayengudokotela waseScotland kanye nosokhemisi wekhulu le-18, owaziwa ngokuthola kwakhe ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa okuthile, kanye ne-carbon dioxide.
2. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukushisa okucashile? Impendulo: Ukushisa okucashile inani lamandla amuncwa noma akhishwa yinto ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesigaba, njengokuncibilika noma ukubila, ngaphandle kokushintsha izinga lokushisa layo.
3. Umbuzo: Ukushisa okucashile kuhluke kanjani ekushiseni okucashile? Impendulo: Nakuba ukushisa okucashile kubangela ushintsho ekushiseni kwento ngaphandle koshintsho lwesigaba, ukushisa okucashile kubangela ushintsho lwesigaba ngaphandle koshintsho ekushiseni.
4. Umbuzo: Ukuhlolwa kukaBlack ngokushisa okucashile kwakubaluleke ngani ocwaningweni lwe-thermodynamics? Impendulo: Umsebenzi kaBlack wabeka ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwamandla okushisa kanye nokulondolozwa kwawo, wavula indlela yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ku-thermodynamics kanye ne-calorimetry.
5. Umbuzo: Kungani iqhwa ku-0°C kanye namanzi ku-0°C enamanani ahlukene amandla okushisa? Impendulo: Iqhwa ku-0°C lidinga ukumunca ukushisa okucashile kokuhlanganiswa ukuze libe amanzi ku-0°C. Ngakho-ke, amanzi ku-0°C anamandla okushisa amaningi kuneqhwa ekushiseni okufanayo ngenxa yalokhu kushisa okucashile okumuncwayo.
6. Umbuzo: Kuyini ukushisa okuqondile? Impendulo: Ukushisa okuqondile inani lamandla okushisa adingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa le-unit mass yento nge-degree Celsius eyodwa noma i-Kelvin.
7. Umbuzo: Umsebenzi kaBlack ekushiseni okuthile waholela kanjani ekuqondeni amandla ahlukene okushisa kwezinto? Impendulo: UBlack wathola ukuthi ubuningi obulinganayo bezinto ezahlukene budinga amazinga ahlukene okushisa ukuze kufezwe ushintsho olufanayo ekushiseni. Lokhu kuqaphela kwethula umqondo wamandla athile okushisa kwezinto.
8. Umbuzo: Kungani umqondo wokushisa okucashile ubalulekile ezinhlelweni zezulu? Impendulo: Ukushisa okucashile kudlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zezulu ngenxa yamandla ahilelekile ekushintsheni kwesigaba samanzi, njengokuhwamuka kanye nokujiya. Lokhu kudluliswa kwamandla kuthinta izinga lokushisa, ukwakheka kwamafu, kanye namaphethini esimo sezulu.
9. Umbuzo: Yisiphi isisetshenziswa uJoseph Black asisebenzise ukukala izinguquko zokushisa ekuhlolweni kwakhe? Impendulo: UBlack wasebenzisa i-calorimeter elula, ithuluzi lokulinganisa ushintsho lokushisa, ekuhlolweni kwakhe ukuze alinganise inani lokushisa okumuncwayo noma okukhishwe.
10. Umbuzo: Ukutholakala kukaBlack kwe-carbon dioxide (akubiza ngokuthi “umoya oqinile”) kwaba nomthelela kanjani kumakhemikhali? Impendulo: Ukuhlonza kukaBlack i-carbon dioxide njengegesi ehlukile ehlukile emoyeni womkhathi kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-chemistry yegesi futhi kwavula indlela yokuqonda ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubandakanya amagesi.
