Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Ubisi Oluyimpuphu
Ubisi oluyimpuphu luwumkhiqizo wobisi obalulekile embonini yokudla ngoba luyasebenza, luhlala isikhathi eside, kulula ukulusabalalisa, futhi lungasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eyahlukahlukene efana neziphuzo, isinkwa, amabhisikidi, ushokoledi, i-ayisikhilimu, ngisho nokudla kwezingane. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ubisi oluyimpuphu ihlose ukugcina ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza kobisi, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezigaba ezibalulekile, izimiso zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezici zokulawula ikhwalithi yokukhiqizwa kobisi oluyimpuphu.
1. Imiqondo eyisisekelo yobisi oluyimpuphu nezinhlobo zalo
Ngokuvamile, ubisi oluyimpuphu luwubisi oluwuketshezi oluncishisiwe lwamanzi ukuze lube yimpuphu enomswakama ophansi. Lokhu kuncipha kokuqukethwe kwamanzi kuvimbela umsebenzi wamagciwane kanye nokusabela kokubola, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise isikhathi sokuphila. Imboni iqaphela izinhlobo eziningana zobisi oluyimpuphu, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ubisi oluyimpuphu olukhilimu oluphelele: luqukethe amafutha obisi ngokwendlela oluyilungiselele ngayo, lunikeza ukunambitheka okumnandi kakhulu kanye nokuthungwa okukhilimu.
2. Ubisi olukhishwe ubisi olunamafutha amancane: iningi lamafutha liyasuswa, lifanelekela ukwenziwa kwamafutha aphansi.
3. Ubisi oluyimpuphu olusheshayo: lwenzelwe ukuncibilika kalula ngaphandle kokwenza amaqhubu, ngokuvamile ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa.
4. I-Whey noma i-mixed milk powder: ivela ezingxenyeni ze-whey noma ingxube nezinye izingxenye ngokwenhloso yayo.
Lo mehluko ngohlobo uthinta ukukhethwa kwamapharamitha enqubo, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuhlukaniswa kwamafutha, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokomiswa.
2. Ukwamukelwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlelwa kwesimo
Isigaba sokuqala ukuthola ubisi olusha oluvela epulazini noma kumhlinzeki. Ubisi olusha kumele luhlolwe ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-organoleptic (iphunga, umbala), okuqukethwe kwamafutha namaprotheni, i-pH, ukuhlolwa kotshwala (ukuqina kwamaprotheni), inani lamapuleti eliphelele, kanye nezinto ezingaba ukungcola njengemithi yokulwa namagciwane. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingahlangabezani nezimfuneko zingaphazamisa inqubo yokucubungula futhi zonakalise ikhwalithi yempuphu.
Uma sekutholakele, ukwakheka kuyalinganiswa, ikakhulukazi okuqukethwe amafutha. Ekwenziweni kwempuphu yobisi olunamafutha ancishisiwe, amafutha ahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa isihlukanisi se-centrifugal. Ukuze uthole impuphu yobisi egcwele ukhilimu, okuqukethwe amafutha kuyalinganiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemininingwane yomkhiqizo. Ukulinganisa kubalulekile ukuze kube nezakhiwo ze-rheological ezibikezelwayo, ukuqina kokushisa, kanye nokuziphatha kokomisa.
3. Ukucaciswa, ukususwa kwe-pasteurization, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-homogenization
Ubisi bese luhlanzwa/luhlungwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola okungokwenyama kanye namanye amaseli omzimba. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlanza, okuhlose ukubulala amagciwane abangela izifo nokunciphisa amagciwane abolile. Amapharamitha okuhlanza angahluka, kodwa imboni ivame ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-HTST (High Temperature Short Time), isibonelo, cishe ama-72°C imizuzwana eyi-15, noma ezinye izimo ezilungiswe ngokwezindinganiso zasefektri.
Kweminye imikhiqizo, kwenziwa i-homogenization, okuhilela ukuphula ama-globule amafutha ukuze abe mancane futhi afane ngosayizi. I-homogenization ikhulisa ukuqina kwe-emulsion, ivimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha, futhi ingathuthukisa izakhiwo zokubuyisela amanzi emzimbeni wempuphu. Kodwa-ke, izimo ze-homogenization kumele zilawulwe ngoba zingathinta i-viscosity kanye nethuba lokubola kwamafutha.
4. Ukuhwamuka njengesigaba sangaphambi kokomisa
Ukomisa ubisi oluwuketshezi ngqo kudinga amandla amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imboni isebenzisa ukuhwamuka ukuze iqale inciphise okuqukethwe kwamanzi futhi ikhulise konke okuqinile. Ukuhwamuka ngokuvamile kusebenzisa i-evaporator enemiphumela eminingi futhi kuvame ukuhlanganiswa ne-vacuum ukuvumela amanzi ukuba ahwamuke ekushiseni okuphansi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamzimba kanye nokushintsha kokunambitheka okubangelwa ukushisa.
Ukugxila okuhwamukayo kungafinyelela okuqukethwe okuphelele kwezinto eziqinile okungaba ngu-45–55% (kuye ngokuthi inqubo yakhiwe kanjani kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizo). Kulesi sigaba, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokuhlala kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusabela kokunsundu okungena-enzyme (ukusabela kwe-Maillard) okungathinta umbala kanye nokunambitheka.
5. Ukomisa: inhliziyo yobuchwepheshe bempuphu yobisi
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kobisi oluyimpuphu ukomisa. Ubuchwepheshe obubili obuyinhloko obusetshenziswa kakhulu yile:
a) Ukomisa ngesifutho
Lena yindlela evelele kakhulu embonini yobisi oluyimpuphu. I-concentrate ifuthwa nge-nozzle noma i-rotary atomizer ibe amaconsi amancane aye ekamelweni lokomisa eligcwele umoya oshisayo. Amanzi ayahwamuka ngokushesha, akhiqize izinhlayiya zempuphu.
Izinzuzo zokomisa ngesifutho:
– Inqubo esheshayo ngaleyo ndlela inciphisa umonakalo wokushisa.
– Kufanelekela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu nokuqhubekayo.
– Kungalawulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe usayizi wezinhlayiya ezithile.
Amapharamitha abalulekile:
– Amazinga okushisa omoya wokungena nowokuphuma.
– Izinga lokugeleza komoya kanye nezinga lokuphakelwa okugxilile.
– Uhlobo lwe-Atomizer (i-nozzle vs i-rotary).
– Qonda okuqukethwe komswakama wokugcina wempuphu (ngokuvamile kuphansi ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside eshalofini).
b) Ukomisa izigubhu (ukomisa izigubhu)
Le ndlela isebenzisa isigubhu esijikelezayo esishisayo. Ubisi lwakha ungqimba oluncane ebusweni besigubhu bese loma, bese lukhuhlwa lube ama-flakes/impuphu. Ukomisa izigubhu kulula kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuvezwa okukhulu kokushisa, okungathinta ukunambitheka kanye nokuncibilika. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kulinganiselwe kakhulu kunokomisa ngesifutho sempuphu yobisi yekhwalithi ephezulu.
6. Ukupholisa, ukuhluza, kanye nokupakisha
Impuphu ephuma emshinini wokomisa ivame ukuba isafudumele. Ukupholisa kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugoqana ngenxa yamafutha asele epulasitiki, kuncishiswe ingozi yokubola, futhi kuncishiswe ukumuncwa komswakama emoyeni.
Okulandelayo, ukuhluzwa kwenziwa ngosayizi ofanayo wezinhlayiya bese kususwa ama-agglomerate amakhulu kakhulu. Isigaba sokugcina nesibalulekile ukupakisha. Ubisi oluyimpuphu kufanele lupakishwe ngezinto ezinomhwamuko wamanzi omuhle kanye nezithiyo ze-oxygen, njengezikhwama noma amathini amaningi. Imikhiqizo eminingi isebenzisa nokuhlanza i-nitrogen ukunciphisa i-oxygen nokucindezela ukuminyana kwamafutha.
7. Ubuchwepheshe bokushesha kanye nokuhlanganisa
Enye yezinselele zobisi oluyimpuphu ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuluncibilikisa kanye nokuthambekela kwalo kokuququda uma luphekwa. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, ubisi oluyimpuphu olusheshayo lwathuthukiswa ngale ndlela:
– Ukuhlangana: izinhlayiya ezincane zihlanganiswa zibe ama-granule amakhulu, anezimbobo ukuze amanzi akwazi ukungena kalula futhi asheshise ukumanzisa.
– Ukwengezwa kwe-lecithin noma i-emulsifier: kusiza ukuhlakazeka kwamafutha futhi kuthuthukisa ukuncibilika kwawo.
– Ukomisa umbhede omanzi: ukomisa nokucutshungulwa okuqhubekayo embhedeni omanzi ukuze kulawulwe okuqukethwe umswakama, usayizi we-granule, kanye nezakhiwo ezisheshayo.
Ngokusebenzisa ubisi oluyimpuphu ngokushesha, kuba lula ukulupheka, kungenzeki ukuthi lwakheke “impuphu entantayo,” futhi kunikeza ulwazi olungcono lokusetshenziswa.
8. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuphepha kokudla
Ukukhiqizwa kobisi oluyimpuphu kumele kuhlangabezane nezimfuneko zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, ze-microbiological, kanye nezezinzwa. Imingcele ebalulekile yekhwalithi ifaka:
– Okuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye nomsebenzi wamanzi (aw): nquma ukuqina kwesitoreji.
– Ukuncibilika nokuhlakazeka: kubalulekile emikhiqizweni yeziphuzo.
– Amafutha, amaprotheni, okuqukethwe yi-lactose, kanye nokungcoliswa komlotha.
– I-Microbiology: inani lamapuleti eliphelele, i-coliform, i-Salmonella (kumele ibe negative), kanye nokulawulwa kwama-spores athile emikhiqizweni ethile.
– Ukushiswa kwamafutha: kubhekwa ngesibonakaliso sokuwa.
– Ukuhlanzeka kwenqubo: ukusetshenziswa kwe-CIP (Clean-in-Place) kanye nokuhlanzeka.
Izinhlelo zokuphatha ezifana ne-HACCP, i-GMP, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlanzeka yizindinganiso zemboni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingozi zokuphepha kokudla ziyalawulwa.
9. Izinselele zobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha
Imboni yobisi oluyimpuphu ibhekene nezinselele ezifana nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuzinza kokudla okunomsoco, kanye nesidingo semakethe semikhiqizo esebenzayo. Izinto ezintsha ezintsha zifaka:
– Umklamo womshini wokomisa ufutha kahle kakhulu futhi usebenzisa ukushisa okulahliwe.
– Ukulawula izinhlayiya ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezisheshayo kanye nokuzinza ngesikhathi sokugcina.
– Ukuqinisa amavithamini/amaminerali kanye nezindlela ezikhethekile (isib. amaprotheni amaningi, i-lactose ephansi).
– Ukuthuthukiswa kokupakisha okunesivikelo esingcono emoyeni kanye nomswakama.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ubisi oluyimpuphu buyinqubo ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukulinganisa, ukubulala amagciwane, ukuhwamuka, ukomisa (ikakhulukazi ukomisa ngokufutha), ukupakisha, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi. Impumelelo yokukhiqiza ayinqunywa nje kuphela yikhono lokususa amanzi, kodwa futhi nangokusethwa okunembile kwemingcele yenqubo ukuze kulondolozwe inani lokudla okunomsoco, ukuncibilika, ukunambitheka, kanye nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo, ubisi oluyimpuphu luzohlala luyinto ebalulekile esekela ukuphepha kokudla, imboni yokukhiqiza, kanye nezidingo zabathengi banamuhla.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezobuchwepheshe kakhulu (ngezinombolo zepharamitha yenqubo enemininingwane eminingi), noma sithandwe kakhulu ngabafundi abavamile, kanye nokufaka uhlu lwezincwadi kanye nezingcaphuno.
