Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula I-Whey kanye Ne-Derivative
I-Whey ingumkhiqizo oyinhloko ophumayo embonini yobisi, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni koshizi ne-casein. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, i-whey yayibhekwa njengemfucuza ngenxa yobuningi bayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokungcola okungenzeka uma ilahlwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokudla kanye nokucubungula izinto eziphilayo ishintshe lo mbono: i-whey manje ibhekwa njengento eluhlaza enenani eliphezulu ngenxa yokuceba kwayo ngamaprotheni, i-lactose, amaminerali, kanye namakhemikhali asebenzayo. Kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokucubungula ukuguqula i-whey ibe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene etholakala kuyo, kusukela ekugxileni kwamaprotheni kuya ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zemithi kanye nezokudla.
Ukwakheka kanye nezici zeWhey
Ngokuvamile, i-whey iqukethe amanzi angaba ngu-93-94% kanye nezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo ezingu-6-7%. Lezi zinto eziqinile zakhiwa i-lactose (cishe u-70-75% wezinto eziqinile zizonke), iphrotheni ye-whey (cishe u-10-15% wezinto eziqinile), amaminerali (umlotha), kanye nezingxenye ezincane ezifana namavithamini ancibilikayo emanzini kanye nama-organic acid. Amaprotheni amakhulu ku-whey yi-β-lactoglobulin, i-α-lactalbumin, i-bovine serum albumin, ama-immunoglobulins, kanye ne-lactoferrin. Izici ze-whey zithonywa uhlobo lwenqubo yokukhiqiza: i-sweet whey itholakala ekuhlanganiseni kwe-enzyme (rennet) ekwenzeni ushizi, kuyilapho i-acid whey itholakala ekuhlanganiseni kwe-acid (isb., ukwenza i-yogurt noma ushizi omusha). I-acid whey ivame ukuba ne-pH ephansi kanye nokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwamaminerali, ngakho-ke amasu okucubungula angahluka.
Izinselele Zemvelo Nezizathu Zokucubungula
I-Whey inenani eliphezulu le-BOD (Isidingo se-Oxygen ye-Biochemical) kanye ne-COD (Isidingo se-Oxygen ye-Chemical), ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-lactose. Uma ilahlwa ngqo, i-Whey ingaqeda umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini futhi iphazamise imvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula i-whey akuyona nje umzamo wokwandisa inani elengeziwe kodwa futhi kuyisisombululo sokunciphisa ukungcola. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bufuna ukukhipha izingxenye ezibalulekile ku-whey futhi busebenzise izingxenyana ezisele ngokubilisa noma ukuguqulwa kwamandla.
Izigaba Eziyisisekelo Zokucubungula I-Whey
Ukucubungula i-Whey ngokuvamile kuqala ngokucwenga kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamafutha. Lesi sigaba singasebenzisa isihlukanisi se-centrifugal ukususa izinhlayiya ezincane, insalela ye-curd, namafutha. I-Pasteurization ibe seyenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo we-microbial futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokucubungula okuqhubekayo. I-Whey ibe isidlula ekugxilweni nasekuhlukanisweni kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-membrane noma bokuhwamuka, kuye ngomkhiqizo owufunayo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Membrane: Inhliziyo Yokuhlukaniswa Kwezakhi Zanamuhla
Ubuchwepheshe be-membrane buyisisekelo sokucubungula i-whey ngoba buyakwazi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bama-molecule kanye nokushaja, ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphansi ukuze ikhwalithi yamaprotheni igcinwe.
1. Ukuhlunga okuncane (MF)
I-MF isetshenziselwa ukususa izinhlayiya ezilengayo, amabhaktheriya, kanye nama-fat globules. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuzinza komkhiqizo wokugcina kanye nokuvimbela ukungcola kwama-membrane ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
2. Ukuhlunga nge-Ultra (UF)
I-UF ihlukanisa iphrotheni ye-whey (engaguquki) ne-lactose kanye namaminerali (angena). I-UF ikhiqiza i-Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) enamazinga ahlukene amaprotheni (isb., 35%, 60%, noma 80%). Uma okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kuphakeme, kulapho inani layo likhula khona kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi eziphuzweni zamaprotheni, emikhiqizweni yokubhaka, kanye nokudla okusebenzayo.
3. Ukuhlanza (DF)
I-DF iwukugezwa kwe-UF retentate kusetshenziswa amanzi ukunciphisa okuqukethwe yi-lactose kanye namaminerali. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-WPC enokunambitheka okuhlanzekile kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-lactose.
4. Ukuhluzwa kwe-Nano (NF)
I-NF isetshenziselwa ukugxila i-lactose nokususa kancane amaminerali ku-UF permeate. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kahle ekulungiseni iphrofayili yamaminerali nokulungiselela izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqizwa kwe-lactose noma isiraphu.
5. I-Reverse Osmosis (RO)
I-RO igcizelela ukugcwala kwamanzi (ukususwa kwamanzi). I-Whey ingancishiswa ngevolumu nge-RO ngaphambi kokuhwamuka, ngaleyo ndlela kongiwe amandla.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-membrane ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuguquguquka, kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza izingxenyana zenani eliphezulu. Izinselele ezinkulu zisekungcolisweni kwe-membrane, isidingo sokuhlanzwa kwe-CIP, kanye nokwenza ngcono ingcindezi kanye nokushisa ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okugeleza azinzile.
Ukuhwamuka Nokomisa: Ukuguqula I-Whey Ibe Umkhiqizo Ozinzile
Ngemva kokuhlushwa, i-whey ivame ukucutshungulwa ku-evaporator enemiphumela eminingi ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe okuphelele kwezinto eziqinile. Bese yomiswa kusetshenziswa umshini wokomisa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-whey powder noma i-protein powder. Ukomisa nge-spray kuvumela isikhathi eside sokuphila eshalofini, ukuthuthwa kalula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kalula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokudla.
Kwimikhiqizo efana ne-WPC kanye ne-Whey Protein Isolate (WPI), ukulawulwa kokushisa ngesikhathi sokomisa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukubola kwamaprotheni ngokweqile, ukugcina ukuncibilika, kanye nokugcina izakhiwo zokusebenza ezifana nokukhipha igwebu, ukuhlanganisa i-emulsification, kanye nokufaka i-gelling.
I-Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) kanye ne-Whey Protein Isolate (WPI)
– I-WPC ikhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko yi-UF kanye nokomisa. Okuqukethwe kwayo ngamaprotheni kuyahlukahluka, kodwa isaqukethe i-lactose namaminerali athile. I-WPC ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, umuzwa womlomo, kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo kwemikhiqizo.
– I-WPI inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwamaprotheni (ngokuvamile >90%) kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwe-lactose. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kudinga izinqubo ezengeziwe ezifana ne-DF enamandla, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-membrane okuthuthukisiwe. I-WPI idumile emikhiqizweni yokudla kwezemidlalo, ekudleni kwezokwelapha, kanye namafomula adinga i-lactose ephansi.
Ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni, ikhwalithi ye-WPC/WPI inqunywa yiphrofayili yayo ye-amino acid (ecebile ngama-BCAA), ukuncibilika, kanye nezinga lokuguquka kwemvelo. Ukusungula inqubo kugxile ekukhiqizeni "iphrotheni ye-whey yemvelo" ngokwelashwa okuncane kokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwa kangcono isakhiwo samaprotheni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Lactose kanye ne-Carbohydrate Derivatives
I-UF permeate icebile nge-lactose namaminerali. I-Lactose ingakhiqizwa ngokuqiniswa ngemva kokuhlushwa kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile. I-Lactose isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokudla (isb., i-confectionery), imithi (njenge-excipient yamaphilisi), kanye nokudla.
I-Lactose ingaphinde i-hydrolyzed kusetshenziswa i-enzyme i-lactase ibe yi-glucose kanye ne-galactose ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ene-lactose ephansi. Lokhu hydrolysis kuyazuzisa abathengi abangabekezeleli i-lactose futhi kwandisa nezinga lobumnandi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ushukela owengeziwe kwezinye izinhlobo.
Olunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukukhiqizwa kwama-oligosaccharide afana ne-GOS (galacto-oligosaccharides) ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-transgalactosylation. Ama-GOS ayaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zangaphambi kokulwa namagciwane futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-formula ezinsana naseziphuzweni ezisebenzayo.
Ukubiliswa Kwe-Whey: Kusukela Kudoti Kuya Kumkhiqizo Wezinto Eziphilayo
Ukubilisa kuyindlela ebalulekile yokusebenzisa i-whey, ikakhulukazi ingxenye ecebile nge-lactose. Ngama-microorganisms akhethiwe, i-whey ingaguqulwa ibe:
– I-Lactic acid: izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-PLA bioplastics kanye nemboni yokudla.
– I-Ethanol: ngokubilisa imvubelo ethile; ingasetshenziswa embonini noma emandleni.
– I-Acetic acid, i-propionic acid, kanye nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ekudleni namakhemikhali.
– I-biomass ye-microbial: isibonelo ukukhiqizwa kwemvubelo ethile noma ama-probiotic.
Izinselele zokubiliswa kwe-whey zifaka phakathi ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, isidingo sokwengeza izakhamzimba, kanye nokulawula ukungcola. Ukuhlanganisa ukubiliswa nezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa (isb., ulwelwesi noma ukuhlanzwa) kungathuthukisa isivuno kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo.
Imikhiqizo Esebenzayo: I-Lactoferrin kanye nama-Peptides Asebenzayo
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuhlanza buvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezincane ezinenani eliphezulu njenge-lactoferrin kanye nama-immunoglobulins. Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zifaka phakathi i-chromatography, i-selective membranes, kanye ne-controlled precipitation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-whey protein ingafakwa i-hydrolyzed kusetshenziswa ama-enzyme ukukhiqiza ama-peptide asebenzayo anamandla okunciphisa umfutho wegazi, i-antioxidant, noma i-immunomodulatory activity. Le mikhiqizo ithuthukiswa kabanzi emikhakheni yokudla okunempilo nokusebenzayo.
Amathrendi Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha: Ukuya Ezinqubweni Eziluhlaza
Indlela yamanje yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-whey igcizelela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukunciphisa amanzi enqubo, kanye nokungasebenzisi imfucuza. Inhlanganisela ye-RO kanye nokuhwamuka komoya ukuze kongiwe amandla, ukusetshenziswa kwama-membrane anokumelana okuthuthukisiwe kokungcola, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-biorefinery (ukukhiqiza amaprotheni, i-lactose, ama-organic acid, kanye namandla avela kumfudlana owodwa we-whey) yizinto ezigxilwe ocwaningweni lwemboni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kwenqubo njengokuqapha ukungcoliswa ngesikhathi sangempela, ukulawulwa kwe-CIP okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokwenza ngcono amapharamitha okusebenza okuqhutshwa idatha kusiza izitshalo ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwekhwalithi ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
I-Penutup
I-Whey ishintshe kusukela ekusetshenzisweni komkhiqizo wobisi ibe ngumthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo zokudla, imithi, kanye nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngobuchwepheshe be-membrane, ukuhwamuka, ukomisa, ukwakheka kwekristalu, ukubilisa, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo, i-whey ingacutshungulwa ibe yizinto ezahlukahlukene ezinenani eliphezulu ezifana ne-WPC, i-WPI, i-lactose, i-GOS, i-lactic acid, kanye nama-peptide asebenzayo. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nendlela yokwenza i-biorefinery kunamandla okwenza ukucubungula i-whey kube ngcono kakhulu, kube nobungane emvelweni, futhi kube nenzuzo, ngenkathi kusekelwa nomqondo womnotho ojikelezayo embonini yokudla.
