Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Ubisi Olusha
Ubisi olusha luwukudla okunomsoco okudliwa kakhulu ngumphakathi. Okuqukethwe kwalo okuphezulu kwamaprotheni, amafutha, i-lactose, amavithamini, kanye namaminerali kwenza kube umthombo obalulekile wokudla okunempilo kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, ubisi olusha luwukudla okonakala kalula. Ngaphandle kokuphathwa kahle, ubisi lungawohloka ngokushesha ngenxa yomsebenzi wamagciwane, ama-enzyme, kanye nokungcola ngesikhathi sokusenga nokusabalala. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi olusha budlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuphepha kokudla, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, kanye nokwandisa inani lomkhiqizo.
Izici Zobisi Olusha kanye Nezinselele Zekhwalithi
Ubisi ngokwemvelo lunomsebenzi omkhulu wamanzi kanye nokwakheka okusekela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ukungcola kungenzeka kusuka embeleni, emishinini yokusenga, emanzini okugeza, endaweni yokugcina izitsha, ngisho nasezitsheni zokugcina. Uma izinga lokushisa lobisi linganciphisi ngokushesha ngemva kokusenga, amabhaktheriya azokwanda ngokushesha futhi akhiqize ama-acid anciphisa i-pH, ashintshe ukunambitheka, futhi abangele ukujiya. Ngaphezu kwama-microorganisms, ukuba khona kwama-enzyme anjenge-lipase ne-protease kungaphula amafutha namaprotheni, kubangele ukubola kanye nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi.
Enye inselele ivela ekuhlukeni kwekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa. Izici ezifana nokudla, impilo yezilwane (isb., i-mastitis), ukwelashwa kokusenga, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwesibaya kuthinta kakhulu amazinga amafutha, amaprotheni, kanye nokudla okuqinile okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi buqala ngokulawulwa kwekhwalithi epulazini, hhayi efektri kuphela.
Ukuphathwa Ngemva Kokusenga: Ukupholisa Okusheshayo
Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kokusenga ukupholisa ngokushesha. Okufanelekile, ubisi olusha kufanele lupholiswe cishe ku-4°C ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kwamagciwane. Esikalini sepulazi, ukupholisa kufezwa kusetshenziswa i-milk can cooler noma i-bulk milk cooler. Indawo yokugcina ebanda kumele ihambisane nokuhlanzeka okufanele kwesitsha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa. Uchungechunge olubandayo, oluvela epulazini kuya eyunithi yokucubungula, luyisihluthulelo sokugcina ikhwalithi yobisi ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucubungula.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga nokucacisa
Esinye sezigaba zokuqala embonini yokucubungula ubisi ukuhlunga ukuze kususwe ukungcola okubonakalayo njengothuli, izinwele, noma izinhlayiya zokudla. Esigabeni esithuthukile, ukucacisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-centrifuge, engahlukanisa izinhlayiya ezincane kanye nezinye izinto ezincane, okuholela kubisi oluhlanzekile noluzinzile. Nakuba lungewona othatha indawo yokushisa, ukucacisa kusiza ukunciphisa umthwalo ongcolile futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ukumiswa Okujwayelekile kanye Nokuhlanganiswa Okufanayo
Izimboni zivame ukwenza izinto zibe zijwayelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwamafutha kanye nezinto eziqinile kuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ubisi olunamafutha aphansi, ubisi olugcwele ukhilimu, noma ubisi olunokwakheka okuthile. Ukwenza izinto zibe zijwayelekile kuhilela ukuhlukanisa ukhilimu ngesihlukanisi, bese kulungiswa isilinganiso sokhilimu nobisi olunamafutha amancane ukuze kufezwe okuqukethwe kwamafutha okufiselekayo.
Ngemva kokwenziwa ngendlela ejwayelekile, ubisi luvame ukwenziwa ngendlela efanayo. Le nqubo ihlukanisa ama-fat globules abe yizicucu ezincane isebenzisa ukucindezela okuphezulu, iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwamafutha futhi ivimbele ukwakheka kwengqimba ekhilimu ebusweni. Lokhu kuphumela ekubunjweni kobisi okubushelelezi, ukubukeka okufanayo, kanye nokuqina kwe-emulsion okwandisiwe. Ukwenziwa ngendlela efanayo kuthinta nokunambitheka kanye nezici zemikhiqizo esuselwe ku-yogurt kanye nobisi lwe-UHT.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokushisa: Ukuhlanza Nokubulala Amagciwane
Ukushisa ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kobisi. Izindlela ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ukubulala ubisi kanye nokubulala amagciwane/UHT.
I-Pasteurization ihlose ukubulala amagciwane abangela izifo nokunciphisa inani lamagciwane awonakele ngaphandle kokuthinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo. Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka:
– I-LTLT (Isikhathi Eside Sokushisa Esiphansi): cishe ama-63°C imizuzu engama-30.
– I-HTST (Isikhathi Esifushane Sokushisa Okuphezulu): cishe ama-72°C imizuzwana eyi-15.
Ubisi olufakwe i-pasteur ludinga ukugcinwa endaweni ebandayo futhi ngokuvamile luhlala izinsuku ezimbalwa kuya cishe emavikini amabili, kuye ngekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlanzeka kwenqubo.
I-UHT (Ultra High Temperature) ishisa ubisi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu (cishe angu-135–150°C) isikhathi esifushane (imizuzwana emi-2–5). Le nqubo ibulala cishe wonke ama-microorganisms, okuvumela ubisi ukuthi lugcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa izinyanga uma nje iphakheji ihlala ivaliwe kahle. Ubuchwepheshe be-UHT buvame ukuhlanganiswa nokupakishwa okungenamagciwane, inqubo lapho ubisi lugcwaliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlanzekile ukuvimbela ukungcola ngemva kokushisa.
Ngaphandle kwe-UHT, kukhona ukubulala amagciwane okusebhodleleni, okushisa ubisi ngemva kokupakishwa. Le ndlela iyasebenza, kodwa ingabangela ukunambitheka "okuphekiwe" okunamandla kanye nokunciphisa amanye amavithamini azwela ukushisa.
Ukubilisa: Ukucubungula Ubisi lube Imikhiqizo Enenani Elongeziwe
Ubuchwepheshe bokuvubela buvumela ubisi olusha ukuthi luguqulwe lube imikhiqizo efana ne-yogurt, i-kefir, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zobisi oluvubele. Ukuvubela kuhilela amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid, aguqula i-lactose ibe yi-lactic acid, ehlisa i-pH futhi akhiqize ukuthungwa okujiyile kanye nokunambitheka okuhlukile. Ngaphezu kokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, ukuvubela kungathuthukisa ukugaya kwabanye abantu abazwela i-lactose futhi banikele ngama-probiotic lapho besebenzisa amasiko athile.
Enqubweni yokwenza i-yogurt, ubisi luvame ukufuthwa nge-pasteur ekushiseni okuphezulu (cishe ku-85–90°C) ukuze kuthuthukiswe isakhiwo samaprotheni, bese lupholiswa ekushiseni kokugoma (cishe ku-40–45°C), kufakwe isiqalo, bese kufakwa kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa i-pH eqondiwe. Umkhiqizo ube usupholiswa ukuze kumiswe ukubila nokugcina uzinzile.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokunciphisa I-Lactose Nokuqinisa
Njengoba isidingo sabathengi sikhula, izimboni eziningi zakha ubisi olungenayo i-lactose noma i-lactose ngokufaka i-enzyme i-lactase. Le enzyme iphula i-lactose ibe yi-glucose ne-galactose egaywa kalula. Inselele ngalobu buchwepheshe ukugcina ukunambitheka komkhiqizo kanye nokuzinza, njengoba ukuwohloka kwe-lactose kungenza ubisi lube mnandi kakhulu.
Ukuqinisa nakho kuvamile, njengokwengeza amavithamini A no-D, i-calcium, noma ezinye izakhamzimba ngokwesidingo semakethe. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisa budinga ukuxuba okunembile nokulawula ikhwalithi okuqinile ukuqinisekisa umthamo onembile, ukulingana, kanye nokuqina ngesikhathi sokugcina.
Ukupakishwa kanye nezinhlelo ze-Aseptic
Ukupakisha akusebenzi nje kuphela njengesitsha kodwa futhi kuyindlela yokuvimbela ukukhanya, umoya-mpilo, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamagciwane. Ubisi olufakwe i-pasteurized luvame ukufakwa emabhodleleni epulasitiki/ingilazi noma emaphaketheni, okuqinisekisa ukuthi uchungechunge olubandayo luyagcinwa. Okwamanje, ubisi lwe-UHT luthembele kakhulu ekupakishweni kwe-aseptic okunezingqimba eziningi okuvimba ukukhanya nomoya-mpilo futhi okuvumela ukugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa legumbi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa i-Aseptic budinga indawo ehlanzekile, ukuhlunga umoya, ukupakishwa okuhlanzekile, kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kwenqubo. Amaphutha amancane ekuhlanzeni angabangela ukuthi umkhiqizo uvuvuke noma wonakale ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwawo.
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphepha Kokudla
Embonini yobisi, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa kusukela ekutholeni izinto zokusetshenziswa kuya kumkhiqizo wokugcina. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufaka phakathi i-organoleptic (umbala, iphunga, ukunambitheka), okuqukethwe kwamafutha namaprotheni, izinto eziqinile eziphelele, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-microbiological. Amapharamitha anjenge-Total Plate Count (TPC) kanye nokuba khona kwamagciwane abangela izifo kuyizinkomba ezibalulekile. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Hazard Analysis kanye ne-Critical Control Points (HACCP) kusiza ukudweba amaphuzu abalulekile njengokushisa kwe-pasteurization, ukuhlanzeka kwemishini, kanye nezinqubo zokupakisha.
Ukuhlanzwa kwemishini ngokuvamile kusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CIP (Cleaning-in-Place), oluhilela ukuhlanza okujikeleziswayo ngesihlanzi kanye nesisombululo sokubulala amagciwane ngaphandle kokudiliza umshini. I-CIP ithuthukisa ukuhlanzeka okusebenzayo kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha kanye Nokuqondisa Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Bobisi
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi buyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabathengi zemikhiqizo enempilo, ephephile, futhi enobungani nemvelo. Ezinye izinto ezintsha ezithandwa kakhulu zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-membrane (ukuhlunga okuncane kanye nokuhlunga okungaphezulu) ukuhlukanisa amagciwane noma ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni, ukucubungula ngokucindezela okuphezulu njengendlela ehlukile yokushisa, kanye nezintambo zokuhlinzeka ngedijithali ukuqapha izinga lokushisa lobisi kanye nekhwalithi ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ngasohlangothini lokusimama, imboni igxila nasekusebenziseni kahle amandla, ukuphathwa kwamanzi amdaka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo efana ne-whey ukudala imikhiqizo ewusizo kwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula ubisi akugxili nje kuphela ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo kodwa futhi nasemthwalo wemfanelo wemvelo.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi olusha buhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo, kusukela ekuphathweni ngemva kokusenga, ukupholisa, ukuhlanza, ukulinganisa, ukuhlanganisa ubisi, ukufudumeza, kuya ekupakisheni nasekulawuleni ikhwalithi. Isigaba ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuphepha, ukulondoloza inani lokudla okunomsoco, kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanzeka eziqinile, ubisi olusha lungacutshungulwa lube imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene esezingeni eliphezulu ehlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi banamuhla ngenkathi ingeza inani kubalimi kanye nasembonini yokudla iyonke.
