Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Ubisi Obufakwe I-Pasteurized
Ubisi luwukudla okunomsoco kakhulu okuqukethe amaprotheni, amafutha, ama-carbohydrate (i-lactose), amavithamini, kanye namaminerali. Kodwa-ke, ubisi olusha luwukudla okonakalayo ngoba luyindlela enhle kakhulu yokukhula kwamagciwane. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula buyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila, nokugcina ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kanye nezici zokuzwa. Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini i-pasteurization. Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi olufakwe i-pasteurized abubandakanyi nje inqubo yokushisa kodwa futhi nokuphathwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuhlanzeka, ukupakisha, ukugcina, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wokwenza I-Pasteurization
I-Pasteurization inqubo yokushisa ubisi ezingeni lokushisa elithile isikhathi esithile ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane abangela izifo futhi kuncishiswe inani lamagciwane abangela ukonakala ngaphandle kokuthinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yobisi. Ngokungafani ne-sterilization, i-pasteurization ayihlose ukubulala wonke amagciwane. Ngakho-ke, ubisi olufakwe i-pasteurized lusadinga indawo ebandayo (uchungechunge olubandayo) ukuze kuphephe futhi kuhlale isikhathi eside eshalofini.
Izinhloso eziyinhloko zokwenziwa kwe-pasteurization zifaka: (1) ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokudla ngokunciphisa ingozi yezifo ezibangelwa ukudla, (2) ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila ngokunciphisa inani lamagciwane, kanye (3) nokugcina inani lokudla okunomsoco kanye nokunambitheka kobisi eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nobisi olusha. Ukwenziwa kwe-pasteurization kungasiza futhi ekuvimbeleni ama-enzyme athile angasheshisa ukonakala, yize ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ezimweni zokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Isigaba Sokwamukelwa Nokukhethwa Kobisi Olusha
Impumelelo yokucubungula ubisi olufakwe i-pasteurized inqunywa kakhulu yikhwalithi yobisi olusha olutholiwe. Ngesikhathi sokwamukela ubisi, ubisi luvame ukuhlolwa izici ze-organoleptic (umbala, iphunga, kanye nokunambitheka), izinga lokushisa (okufanele kube kubanda), kanye nokuhlanzeka kwesitsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezilula, njengokuhlolwa kotshwala ukuthola ukungazinzi kwamaprotheni, ukuhlolwa kwe-acidity, kanye nokuhlolwa kokungcola noma ukuxutshwa.
Ezimbonini ezithuthuke kakhulu, ukuhlolwa kungafaka phakathi i-Total Plate Count (TPC), i-coliform counts, kanye nokutholwa kwezinsalela zama-antibiotic. Izinsalela zama-antibiotic zidinga ukubhekwa ngoba zingaphazamisa ukubiliswa kwemikhiqizo engaphansi futhi zibe yingozi kubathengi. Ubisi olunekhwalithi ephansi yama-microbiological, iphunga elibi, noma noma yiluphi uphawu lokungcola ngokuvamile luyenqatshwa ngoba lungalimaza ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina futhi lwandise ingozi yokwehluleka kwenqubo.
Ukuhlunga, Ukucacisa, kanye Nokumisa Okujwayelekile
Ngemva kokwamukelwa kobisi, luvame ukuhluzwa noma ukucaciswa ukuze kususwe ukungcola okubonakalayo njengothuli, isihlabathi esicolekile, noma ezinye izinhlayiya. Ezingeni lezimboni, izihluzi zisebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal, okwenza ukuhlukaniswa kusebenze kangcono kunokuhlunga okuvamile.
Isigaba esilandelayo ukulinganisa, okuhilela ukulungisa okuqukethwe kwamafutha nokuqina kobisi ukuqinisekisa umkhiqizo wokugcina ohambisanayo. Isibonelo, abakhiqizi bangacacisa ubisi olufakwe i-pasteurized "full-fat" olunokuqukethwe kwamafutha athile, kuyilapho ubisi "olunamafutha aphansi" noma "olungenawo amafutha" lulungiswa ngokuhlukanisa ukhilimu kusetshenziswa isihlukanisi. Ukuvumelana kokwakheka kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezindinganiso zekhwalithi, ukuzinza komkhiqizo, kanye nokufana kokunambitheka.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-Homogenization: Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwe-Emulsion
I-Homogenization inqubo yokuphula ama-fat globules abe yizicucu ezincane, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka i-emulsion ezinzile ebisini. Ngaphandle kwe-homogenization, amafutha avame ukukhuphukela phezulu, akhe ungqimba olukhilimu ngesikhathi sokugcina. Ekuhlanganiseni, ubisi luphoqeleka ukuthi ludlule emngxunyeni omncane ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, okwenza ama-fat globules aqhekeke futhi ahlakazeke ngokulinganayo.
Izinzuzo zokuhlanganiswa kwe-homogenization zifaka: (1) ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kokhilimu, (2) ukuhlinzeka ngokuthungwa okubushelelezi kanye "nomzimba" ongcono, kanye (3) nokuthuthukisa umbono we-viscosity. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-homogenization kungathinta nokunambitheka ngoba kwandisa indawo engaphezulu yamafutha esebenzisana nezinye izingxenye. Ngakho-ke, izilungiselelo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa zokuhlanganiswa kwe-homogenization kudingeka zicatshangelwe ukuze kutholakale imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Izindlela Zokwenza I-Pasteurization: i-LTLT ne-HTST
Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokubulala amagciwane ezisetshenziswa kabanzi:
1. I-LTLT (Isikhathi Eside Sokushisa Esiphansi)
Ubisi lufudunyezwa cishe ku-63°C imizuzu engama-30. Le ndlela ivame kakhulu kumayunithi amancane noma alula okucubungula. Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi imishini elula kanye nokulawula inqubo okulula. Kodwa-ke, idinga amandla aphansi kanye nezikhathi zokucubungula ezinde.
2. I-HTST (Isikhathi Esifushane Sokushisa Okuphezulu)
Ubisi lufudunyezwa cishe ku-72°C imizuzwana eyi-15, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-plate heat exchanger. Le ndlela idumile embonini ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle, amandla aphezulu, kanye nomthelela ophansi kakhulu kwikhwalithi yezinzwa. I-HTST iphinde ivumele inqubo ehlanzekile neqhubekayo enohlelo oluvaliwe.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela ezimbili, kukhona nobuchwepheshe bokushisa obusezingeni eliphezulu, njenge-UHT (Ultra High Temperature), evumela ubisi ukuthi luhlale isikhathi eside ekushiseni kwegumbi. Kodwa-ke, i-UHT ihlukile ekufakweni kwe-pasteurization ngoba iyinqubo yokuhlanza ethengiswayo futhi ikhiqiza ukunambitheka "okuvuthiwe" kakhudlwana.
Ukupholisa Okusheshayo Nochungechunge Olubandayo
Ngemva kokufakelwa ubisi, ubisi kumele lupholiswe ngokushesha lufinyelele ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-4–5°C) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kwanoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezisele. Ukupholisa okusheshayo kubalulekile ngoba amazinga okushisa afudumele angavumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zizalane. Ezinhlelweni ze-HTST, ukupholisa kwenzeka ngesekethe eyodwa nge-heat exchanger efanayo, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa ingozi yokungcola.
Uchungechunge olubandayo luyisihluthulelo sokumaketha ngempumelelo ubisi olufakwe ku-pasteur. Luhlanganisa konke kusukela ekugcinweni emathangini aqandisiwe, ukugcwaliswa ezitsheni, ukusatshalaliswa ezimotweni eziqandisiwe, kanye nokugcinwa eziqandisini zokuthengisa nasemakhaya abathengi. Uma uchungechunge olubandayo luphukile, isikhathi sokugcinwa kobisi sincishiswa kakhulu futhi izingozi zokuphepha ziyanda.
Ukupakisha: Ukuvikelwa ekungcoleni nasekukhanyeni
Ukupakishwa kobisi olufakwe i-pasteur kumele kuvikele umkhiqizo ekungcolisweni kwamagciwane kanye nezinto zangaphandle njengokukhanya, umoya-mpilo, kanye nephunga. Ukupakishwa okusetshenziswa kakhulu kufaka phakathi amabhodlela epulasitiki (i-HDPE/PET), amabhodlela engilazi, kanye nezikhwama zepulasitiki ezikhethekile. Amabhodlela engilazi avelele ekumelaneni nokufuduka kwezinto futhi anikeza umuzwa wekhwalithi ephezulu, kodwa anzima futhi avame ukuphuka. Amabhodlela epulasitiki alula futhi awusizo kakhulu, kodwa kumele akhethwe ukuze aphephe ukudla futhi ahlangabezane nezindinganiso.
Ubisi luphinde luzwele ekukhanyeni, njengoba lungabangela ukubola kwamafutha futhi lonakalise amavithamini athile. Ngakho-ke, ukupakisha okungacacile noma ukugcinwa emashalofini avikelwe ukukhanya kungasiza ekugcineni ikhwalithi. Inqubo yokugcwalisa kufanele yenziwe ngendlela ehlanzekile, okungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa umshini wokugcwalisa ozenzakalelayo kanye negumbi lokupakisha elihlanzekile ukuvimbela ukungcola ngemuva kokufakelwa.
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphepha Kokudla
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yobisi olufakwe i-pasteur kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa okungokwenyama, kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuphilayo. Ukuhlolwa okungokwenyama kufaka phakathi umbala, iphunga, i-viscosity, kanye nokuqina kwe-emulsion. Ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali kungafaka amafutha, amaprotheni, ubuningi obuphelele, amazinga e-pH, kanye ne-acidity. Ukuhlolwa kwe-microbiological kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nemikhawulo yokungcola, njengamazinga e-TPC kanye ne-coliform. Emisebenzini yezimboni, uhlelo lwe-HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) luvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlonza amaphuzu abalulekile njengokushisa, ukupholisa, kanye nokupakishwa.
Ukuhlanzeka kwemishini nakho kubalulekile. Amafektri amaningi asebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CIP (Ukuhlanza Endaweni) ukuhlanza amapayipi, amathangi, kanye nezishintshi zokushisa ngaphandle kokudiliza imishini. I-CIP ngokuvamile isebenzisa uchungechunge lokuhlanza oluhlanganisa amanzi, izixazululo ze-alkaline, izixazululo ze-asidi, kanye nezihlanzi. Le nqubo isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokuthintana komkhiqizo azinayo i-biofilm kanye nezinsalela zobisi, ezingaba yimithombo yokungcola.
Izinselele kanye Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha Ekusetshenzisweni Kwe-Pasteurization
Ezinye zezinselelo ezinkulu ekucubungulweni kobisi olufakwe i-pasteurized ukugcina ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuqinisekisa uchungechunge olubandayo, nokuvimbela ukungcola ngemva kokushisa. Okwamanje, izinto ezintsha ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, njengokusetshenziswa kwezinzwa kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ukuqapha izinga lokushisa nesikhathi ngesikhathi sangempela, ukusetshenziswa kokupakisha okunobungani nemvelo, kanye nokuhlola ubuchwepheshe obungebona obusebenzisa ukushisa njenge-high pressure pasteurization (HPP) noma amasimu kagesi acindezelwe ukucindezela amagciwane ngomthelela omncane ekunambithekeni. Noma kunjalo, i-thermal pasteurization isalokhu iyindinganiso ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuqinisekisiwe, ukuthengeka okulinganiselwe, kanye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubisi olufakwe i-pasteur buhlanganisa ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukushisa okulawulwayo, ukupholisa okusheshayo, ukupakishwa okuhlanzekile, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-cold chain. I-pasteurization idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ubisi oluphephile noluhlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuqukethwe kwalo okunomsoco kanye nezici zemvelo. Ngemikhuba eqinile yokuhlanzeka, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqhubekayo, kanye nezinqubo ezintsha kanye nokupakishwa, ubisi olufakwe i-pasteur luhlala luyindlela ebalulekile yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokudla okunempilo zomphakathi wanamuhla.
Uma ungathanda, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe amagama ayi-1000 (okwamanje siseduze), noma ngisiguqulele kufomethi yephepha lesayensi eligcwele elinama-abstract, amagama angukhiye, kanye ne-bibliography.
