Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Amafutha Ezilwane
Amafutha ezilwane ayimpahla ebalulekile embonini yokudla neyokudla. Emkhakheni wokudla, amafutha ezilwane asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka, ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, nokudlulisa amaphunga emikhiqizweni eyahlukahlukene ecutshungulwayo. Emkhakheni ongeyona yokudla, amafutha ezilwane asetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zensipho, amakhandlela, izinto zokugcoba, ngisho ne-biodiesel. Ngenxa yokuthi asengozini yokubola ngenxa ye-oxidation futhi angaqukatha ukungcola, amafutha ezilwane adinga ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obufanele ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuzinza, kanye nekhwalithi ehlangabezana nezidingo zezimboni. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemiqondo, izigaba zenqubo, kanye nobuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwamafutha ezilwane.
Izici kanye Nemithombo Yamafutha Ezilwane
Ngokuvamile, amafutha ezilwane avela ezicutshini zamafutha (amafutha) kanye nezingxenye zezilwane ezicebile ngamafutha, njengesikhumba, izitho ezithile, kanye nemfucuza yasezindaweni zokuhlatshwa. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-tallow (amafutha enyama yenkomo/yenyathi), i-lard (amafutha engulube), amafutha enkukhu, kanye namafutha enhlanzi. Ukwakheka kwe-asidi yamafutha kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwemithombo; i-tallow ivame ukuba namafutha amaningi agcwele futhi ngenxa yalokho iqine kakhulu ekushiseni kwegumbi, kuyilapho amafutha enhlanzi ecebile ngamafutha angagcwele (kufaka phakathi i-omega-3s) ngakho-ke isengozini enkulu yokushiswa yi-oxidation.
Izakhiwo ezibalulekile zamafutha ezilwane okudingeka ziqondwe ngesikhathi sokucubungula zifaka phakathi iphuzu lokuncibilika, inani le-iodine (isibonakaliso sokungagcwali), okuqukethwe kwamafutha akhululekile (i-FFA), okuqukethwe kwamanzi, kanye nokungcola okufana namaprotheni, ama-phospholipid, kanye nemibala. Lezi zinhlaka zinquma izindlela zokuhlanza nokuzinzisa ezidingekayo.
Inhloso Yobuchwepheshe Bokucubungula
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula amafutha ezilwane bugxile ezinhlosweni eziningana eziyinhloko: (1) ukuhlukanisa amafutha ezicutshini nasemanzini, (2) ukunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokungcola, (3) ukwandisa ukuzinza ngokumelene ne-oxidation kanye ne-hydrolysis, (4) ukususa iphunga elingathandeki nemibala, kanye (5) ukulungisa izakhiwo zomzimba zamafutha ukuze zivumelane nezicelo ezithile, njenge-margarine, i-shortening, noma i-oleochemical feedstock.
Isigaba Sokucubungula Ngaphambi Kokucutshungulwa: Ukuphathwa Kwezinto Ezingavuthiwe
Ikhwalithi yamafutha incike kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Amafutha ashiywe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma isikhathi eside kakhulu ngaphambi kokucubungula azobona ukwakheka kwe-FFA ngenxa ye-lipase kanye nomsebenzi we-microbial, kanye ne-oxidation, ekhiqiza iphunga elibi. Ngakho-ke, imikhuba emihle ifaka phakathi ukupholisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuhlanza imishini, ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezingcoliswe kakhulu, kanye nokucubungula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ezindaweni zokubulala, amafutha asele kanye nezicubu ngokuvamile ziqoqwa ngokwehlukana bese ziyiswa eyunithi yokukhipha.
Ukudweba: Inqubo Eyinhloko Yokukhipha Amafutha
Ukudweba kuyindlela yokushisa yokukhipha amafutha ezicutshini. Ngobuchwepheshe, ukudweba kuhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. Ukwenziwa Kokusula
Ekubunjweni okomile, izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyashiswa ngaphandle kokufaka amanzi kubhoyila noma ukugcina uhlelo lokushisa oluqhubekayo. Ukushisa kubangela ukuthi amaseli amafutha aqhekeke futhi akhulule amafutha, kuyilapho amaprotheni nezicubu ezingenamafutha zomile, kwakheka "ama-cracklings," noma izinto ezisele. Amafutha aketshezi abe esehlukaniswa ngokuhlunga noma ngokucindezela. Le ndlela ikhiqiza amafutha anomswakama ophansi, kodwa inengozi ephezulu yokuba nsundu kanye nephunga elinamandla uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu.
2. Ukunikeza Okumanzi
Ukukhipha okumanzi kusebenzisa amanzi noma umusi ukusiza ukukhishwa kwamafutha. Le nqubo ivame ukuba mnene, inciphisa ukuwohloka kokushisa, kodwa ikhiqiza i-emulsion yamanzi amafutha edinga ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe, njengokukhipha kanye nokufaka i-centrifugation. Ezingeni lezimboni, ukukhipha okumanzi kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokushisa umusi kanye nokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwemishini.
Ukukhetha indlela yokukhipha kuthonywa uhlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa, amandla okukhiqiza, imigomo yekhwalithi, kanye nezidingo zamandla. Izimboni zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziqhubekayo ezinezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala ukuze zikhiqize ikhwalithi ehambisanayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa Nokucaciswa
Ngemva kokukhipha amafutha, amafutha asenawo aqinile amancane, amanzi, kanye nokungcola okuncibilikisiwe. Isigaba sokucacisa sihlose ukukhiqiza amafutha acacile futhi azinzile. Ubuchwepheshe obuvamile buhlanganisa:
– Ukuhlunga: ukusebenzisa isihlungi sendwangu, umshini wokuhlunga, noma isihlungi esinezinto ezikhethekile zokugcina izinhlayiya ezincane.
– I-Centrifugation: ihlukanisa isigaba samafutha emanzini kanye nezinto eziqinile ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kobuningi. Ama-Disc-stack centrifuge avame ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu.
– Ukukhipha amanzi: ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ngokuvamile njengesigaba sokuqala ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-centrifugation ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo emishinini.
Ukulawula okuqukethwe kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba amanzi asheshisa i-hydrolysis yama-triglycerides abe yi-FFA futhi abangele ukukhula kwamagciwane ku-residue.
Ukucwenga: Ukususa igum, Ukungathathi hlangothi, Ukususa iphunga, Ukususa iphunga
Ekusetshenzisweni kokudla noma ekusetshenzisweni okudinga ikhwalithi ephezulu, amafutha ezilwane avame ukwenziwa inqubo yokucwenga efana naleyo yamafutha emifino, ngokulungiswa okuthile:
1. Ukususa i-gumming: kunciphisa ama-phospholipid kanye nezingxenye ezikhipha i-emulsifying ezingabangela ukufiphala.
2. Ukungathathi hlangothi: ukunciphisa i-FFA ngokungeza isisekelo (isb., i-NaOH) ukuze sakhe isitsha sensipho, esibe sesihlukaniswa. Kwezinye izimo, izindlela zokuhlanza ngokomzimba nazo ziyasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamafutha angathathi hlangothi.
3. Ukuhlikihla: ukusebenzisa ama-adsorbent anjengokuhlikihla umhlaba noma i-activated carbon ukususa imibala, imikhiqizo yokuxilisa, kanye neminonjana yezinsimbi.
4. Ukususa iphunga: ukucwiliswa ngomusi ngokucindezela okuphansi ukuze kususwe amakhemikhali abangela iphunga. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile kumafutha anephunga elinamandla noma amafutha enhlanzi anezakhi ezihlukile ezishintshashintshayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlunga kumele kucabangele ibhalansi phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi kanye nengozi yokuwohloka kokushisa, ikakhulukazi kumafutha acebile ngama-fatty acid angagcwalisiwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamafutha Nokuguqulwa
Ngaphezu kokucwenga, imboni ivame ukuguqula izakhiwo zomzimba zamafutha ukuze zivumelane nokusetshenziswa:
– Ukuhlukaniswa: ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenyana eqinile (i-stearin) kusuka kungxenyana ewuketshezi (i-olein) ngokupholisa nokuhlunga okulawulwayo. Le ndlela iwusizo ekukhiqizeni amafutha anezindawo ezithile zokuncibilika, njengokwenza imikhiqizo yokunciphisa noma yokubhaka.
– Ukuqondanisa: ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-fatty acid ku-glycerol ukuze kushintshwe iphrofayili yokuncibilika kanye nokwakheka kwe-plasticity ngaphandle kokukhiqiza amafutha e-trans. Le ndlela iyindlela ehlukile esikhundleni se-hydrogenation engaphelele.
– I-Hydrogenation: ukwengeza i-hydrogen ezibophweni eziphindwe kabili ukuze kwandiswe ukuzinza nokuphakamisa iphuzu lokuncibilika. Kodwa-ke, i-hydrogenation engaphelele ingakhiqiza amafutha e-trans, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekudleni manje sekuncishisiwe futhi kuthathelwa indawo yi-interesterification noma ukukhethwa kwezingxenyana zemvelo.
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuphepha
Ukucubungula amafutha ezilwane kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi kanye nokuphepha. Amapharamitha avamile aqashwe afaka phakathi okuqukethwe umswakama, ama-fatty acid amahhala (i-FFA), inani le-peroxide (inkomba ye-oxidation yokuqala), i-anisidine (inkomba ye-oxidation yamuva), umbala, kanye nephunga. Ekusetshenzisweni kokudla, izici ze-microbiological kanye nokungcola okungaba khona kwamakhemikhali nakho kuyacatshangelwa, kufaka phakathi izinsalela zensimbi, amakhemikhali e-polyaromatic avela ekushiseni ngokweqile, noma ukungcola okutholakala ezintweni zokusetshenziswa.
Izinhlelo zokuphatha ikhwalithi ezifana ne-GMP kanye ne-HACCP zisiza ekuboneni amaphuzu abalulekile, njengokunikeza izinga lokushisa, ukuhlanzeka kwepayipi, ukugcina umkhiqizo oqediwe, kanye nokulawula umoya-mpilo. Amafutha kufanele agcinwe emathangini avaliwe, ngokuvezwa okuncane emoyeni nasekukhanyeni, kanye nasezingeni lokushisa elinciphisa izinga lokushiswa kwe-oxidation. Ukwengezwa kwama-antioxidants avunyelwe (njenge-tocopherols noma ama-antioxidants athile okudla) kungandisa isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu.
Ukusetshenziswa Komkhiqizo Ongahlobene Nokuzinza
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokucubungula bugcizelela nokusimama. Izinto ezisele eziqinile zingacutshungulwa zibe ukudla (ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezithile) noma ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa zezimboni. Amanzi okucubungula adinga ukucutshungulwa ngesitshalo sokwelapha amanzi amdaka ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenzisa amafutha ezilwane njengesitoko sokudla se-biodiesel kuyindlela ekhangayo yokwandisa inani elengeziwe nokunciphisa imfucuza, yize kudinga isigaba sangaphambi kokwelashwa lapho amazinga e-FFA ephezulu.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula amafutha ezilwane buhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo, kusukela ekuphathweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukwenziwa, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nokuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zomzimba. Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe kuncike ohlotsheni lwamafutha, ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuhlosiwe, kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezifiselekayo. Ngokulawulwa kwenqubo efanele—kufaka phakathi izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, okuqukethwe komswakama, kanye nokuvezwa komoya-mpilo—amafutha ezilwane angacutshungulwa abe imikhiqizo ephephile, ezinzile, neyigugu ngokwezomnotho, ngenkathi kusekelwa imikhuba yezimboni esebenza kahle futhi eqhubekayo.
