Izisekelo Zobuchwepheshe Bezilwane
Ubuchwepheshe bokufuya izilwane buyigatsha lesayensi esetshenziswayo ehlola indlela yokuphatha, ukucubungula, ukugcina, nokusabalalisa imikhiqizo ethathwe emfuyweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphephile ukudliwa, inomsoco, ikhwalithi ephezulu, futhi inenani eliphakeme kwezomnotho. Imikhiqizo yokufuya izilwane ihlanganisa inyama, ubisi, amaqanda, kanye nemikhiqizo engaphansi kwesikhumba, amathambo, amafutha, igazi, kanye nendle, engasetshenziswa ukwenza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokudla kanye nemikhiqizo engeyona yokudla. Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kobuchwepheshe bokufuya izilwane kubalulekile ngoba ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezilwane ithonywa kakhulu yizimo zemfuyo, ukuphathwa ngemva kokuvunwa, amasu okucubungula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenhlanzeko kanye nokuhlanzeka kulo lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza.
Ububanzi Bobuchwepheshe Bomkhiqizo Wezilwane
Ububanzi bobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo wezilwane buhlanganisa izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, ukuphathwa ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, njengokuthuthwa kwemfuyo, ukuphumula, kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka. Okwesibili, inqubo yokuhlatshwa kanye nokuphathwa kwezidumbu. Okwesithathu, ukucubungula okwengeziwe emikhiqizweni ecutshunguliwe njengemasoseji, ama-nuggets, i-yogurt, ushizi, noma amaqanda anosawoti. Okwesine, ukupakisha, ukugcina, kanye nokusabalalisa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-cold chain. Okokugcina, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuphepha kokudla kwenziwa ngezindinganiso nemithethonqubo esebenzayo.
Izimiso Zekhwalithi Nokuphepha Kwemikhiqizo Yezilwane
Ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezilwane ngokuvamile ihlolwa ngokusekelwe ngokomzimba (umbala, ukuthungwa, ubusha), amakhemikhali (umswakama, amaprotheni, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamafutha), izinto eziphilayo ezincane (inani lamagciwane kanye nezifo), kanye nemizwa (ukunambitheka kanye nephunga). Okwamanje, ukuphepha kokudla kudinga ukuthi imikhiqizo ingabi nezingozi zezinto eziphilayo (iSalmonella, i-E. coli, iListeria), izingozi zamakhemikhali (izinsalela zama-antibiotic, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo), kanye nezingozi zomzimba (izingcezu zamathambo, ipulasitiki, kanye nesihlabathi).
Imikhuba yokuhlanzeka kanye nokuhlanzeka kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukungcola. Ukugcina ukuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi, imishini, amanzi, kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza kubalulekile. Embonini yanamuhla, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha njenge-Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP), kanye ne-Hazard Analysis kanye ne-Critical Control Points (HACCP) kuyizindinganiso ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwezingozi okuphumelelayo.
Ukuphathwa Kwenyama Ngemva Kokuvuna
Inyama iwumkhiqizo wezilwane obola kakhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okucebile kwezakhamzimba kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi. Ngemva kokuhlatshwa, isidumbu sibhekana nezinguquko zamakhemikhali njenge-rigor mortis, isimo lapho imisipha iqina khona ngenxa yokushintsha kwamandla ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Le nqubo ithinta ukuthamba kwenyama. Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa kuyisici esibalulekile: ukupholisa okusheshayo ngemva kokuhlatshwa kungacindezela ukukhula kwamagciwane futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila.
Ngaphandle kokushisa, i-pH nayo idlala indima. Inyama entsha ingcono kakhulu uma ithola ukwehla kwe-pH ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-lactic acid ngemva kokuhlatshwa. Uma imfuyo ihlangabezana nokucindezeleka okukhulu ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, ukwehla kwe-pH kungaba okungajwayelekile futhi kuholele enyameni ye-PSE (ephuzi, ethambile, ephumayo) noma i-DFD (emnyama, eqinile, eyomile), okulimaza ikhwalithi kanye nomnotho. Ngakho-ke, inhlalakahle yezilwane nayo iyisici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo wezilwane.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Umkhiqizo Wenyama
Ukucubungula inyama kuhlose ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukuphepha, kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizo. Kunezindlela ezilula zokucubungula njengokufaka usawoti, ukomisa, nokubhema, kanye nezindlela zesimanje zokucubungula njengokubilisa nokushisa okulawulwayo. Izibonelo zemikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe zifaka ama-meatball, amasoseji, inyama yenkomo egayiwe, i-jerky, inyama eqoshiwe, kanye nama-nuggets.
Izimiso ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa ekucubungulweni kwenyama zifaka phakathi ukunciphisa umsebenzi wamanzi (aw), ukwehlisa i-pH, ukwengeza izithasiselo ezivunyelwe, kanye nokushisa ukubulala amagciwane. Ekwenzeni amasoseji, isibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha namaprotheni kumele kuhlale kuzinzile ukuze kukhiqizwe ukuthungwa okuhle. Ukushisa kwenziwa ekushiseni okuthile ukubulala amagciwane abangela izifo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi yezinzwa.
Ubuchwepheshe Bobisi Nemikhiqizo Yabo Ecutshungulwayo
Ubisi luwukudla okunomsoco kakhulu, kodwa lusengozini enkulu yokungcola futhi lonakala ngokushesha. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko ekuphathweni kobisi zifaka phakathi ukusengwa okuhlanzekile, ukuhlunga, ukupholisa ngokushesha, kanye nokuthuthwa efrijini. Ukushisa (ukufudumeza kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa elithile isikhathi esithile) ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo bokubulala amagciwane abangela izifo ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu inani lokudla okunomsoco. Ngaphezu kokuhlanza, ukuhlanza kanye namasu okucubungula i-UHT (Ultra High Temperature) kuvumela ubisi ukuthi lugcinwe isikhathi eside ekushiseni kwegumbi.
Ubisi lungacutshungulwa futhi lube imikhiqizo ebilisiwe njengeyogathi, i-kefir, noshizi. Ukubiliswa kusebenzisa amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid, akhiqiza i-asidi, ehlisa i-pH futhi avimbele amagciwane angonakali. Ushizi uhilela ukujiya kweprotheyini yobisi (i-casein) kusetshenziswa i-rennet noma i-asidi, kulandelwe ukuvuthwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka kwayo okuhlukile kanye nephunga layo. Embonini, ukulinganisa amazinga amafutha namaprotheni kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo.
Ubuchwepheshe beqanda kanye nokuphathwa kwalo
Amaqanda awumthombo wamaprotheni odumile futhi okulula ukuwacubungula, kodwa futhi asengozini yokulimala ngokomzimba kanye nokungcola kwamagciwane. Ikhwalithi yamaqanda ithintwa yisikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, izinga lokushisa lokugcina, kanye nesimo segobolondo. Okungcono kakhulu, amaqanda kufanele agcinwe emazingeni okushisa apholile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye ne-CO₂ ngokusebenzisa izimbobo zegobolondo. Amaqanda aqhekekile akufanele agcinwe isikhathi eside njengoba esengozini yokuhlaselwa amagciwane.
Imikhiqizo yamaqanda acutshunguliwe ifaka amaqanda anosawoti, amaqanda abilisiwe kanzima, impuphu yamaqanda, namaqanda aketshezi afakwe i-pasteur. Inqubo yokufaka usawoti isebenza nge-osmosis, ivimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane futhi inikeze ukunambitheka okuhlukile. Okwamanje, amaqanda aketshezi afakwe i-pasteur asetshenziswa ebhikawozini nasezimbonini zokudla okusheshayo ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokudla, ikakhulukazi ekuvimbeleni i-Salmonella.
Ukupakisha Nokugcina (Uchungechunge Olubandayo)
Ukupakisha kuvikela imikhiqizo ekungcoleni, ekulimaleni ngokomzimba, kanye nezinguquko zekhwalithi ngenxa yokushisa noma ukulahleka kwamanzi. Enyameni entsha, ukupakisha nge-vacuum noma ukupakisha okushintshiwe emoyeni (i-MAP) kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nokushisa kwamafutha. Emikhiqizweni yobisi namaqanda, ukupakisha kumele kuvimbele ukuvuza, kuvikele ekukhanyeni (okungabhubhisa amavithamini), futhi kugcine inhlanzeko.
Uhlelo lwe-cold chain lubalulekile emikhiqizweni yezilwane. Ukupholisa nokubanda kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu, kodwa kumele kwenziwe ngokulawula izinga lokushisa okuqhubekayo. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungabangela ukuminyana futhi kusheshise ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ngakho-ke, izinto zokuthutha, ukugcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezibandayo, kanye nezibonisi zokuthengisa kumele zilandele amazinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi igcinwa kuze kube kumthengi.
Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi Nokuqiniswa
Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-organoleptic, amakhemikhali, kanye ne-microbiological. Isibonelo, inyama ihlolwa umbala, iphunga, kanye nokuthungwa; ubisi luhlolwa okuqukethwe amafutha, ukuqina okuphelele, kanye nokuba khona kokungcola; kanti amaqanda ahlolwa ukuze athole ukuthi amhlophe yini kanye ne-yolk index. Ukuhlolwa kwe-microbiological okufana ne-Total Plate Count, i-coliform, noma ukutholwa kwe-pathogen kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo. E-Indonesia, amazinga ekhwalithi abhekisela ku-Indonesian National Standard (SNI) kanye nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kokudla evela ezinhlanganweni ezifanele.
Izinselele kanye Nesiqondiso Sentuthuko
Ubuchwepheshe bezilwane bubhekene nezinselele ezifana nesidingo esikhulayo samaprotheni ezilwane, isidingo semikhiqizo elula, izinkinga zokuphepha kokudla, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Imboni ibhekene nenselele yokunciphisa imfucuza, ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ephuma ngemuva kwayo, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Kuvela izinto ezintsha ekusetshenzisweni kokupakisha okunobungani nemvelo, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obungashisi (isb., ukucubungula ngomfutho ophezulu), kanye nokwenza kube yidijithali ukuze kulandeleke umkhiqizo.
I-Penutup
Izisekelo zobuchwepheshe bezilwane zigcizelela ukuthi ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezilwane akunqunywa kuphela ngesikhathi sokucubungula, kodwa kuthonywa kusukela ngesikhathi izilwane zikhuliswa futhi ziphathwa, kuze kube yilapho umkhiqizo ufika kumthengi. Ngokusebenzisa izimiso zokuhlanzeka, ukuhlanzeka, ukulawulwa kokushisa, kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezifanele, imikhiqizo yezilwane ingaba nenani eliphakeme kakhulu, iphephe, futhi ihlangabezane nezintandokazi zemakethe. Ukuqonda okuqinile kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzosiza abalimi bezilwane, abanikazi bamabhizinisi, kanye nabafundi emkhakheni wokufuya izilwane kanye nesayensi yokudla ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezilwane encintisanayo neqhubekayo.
